CNC - Turning Center - King - 1

Turning Center
Programming And Operation
Learning Objectives
Recognize the Basic Machining Practice.
Obtain an understand of Machine Configurations.
Determine the Programming Features
You must understand the

Key Concept
Number One machine youll be working with!
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=
7
4
1
+
Sp
RESET
START
CALC
CAN
INPUT
CURSOR
NC/PC
SHIFT
In key concept #1 we look at the

machine from a programmers viewpoint
AUX
CYCLE
START
FEED
HOLD
MDI
JOG
AUTO
ON
HANDLE
OFF
DRY
RUN
ZERO
EDIT
MODE RETURN
100%
MEMORY
PROTECT
Z+
Z-
0%
X-
EMERGENCY
STOP
200%
ON
OFF
SPINDLE
X1
Z
X10
X100
FAST
9 10 11
12
5
4
3
2
SLOW
BLOCK
DELETE
ORIGIN
TURRET INDEX
100%
100%
0%
RAPID
OVERRIDE
FEEDRATE
OVERRIDE
JOYSTICK
OPTIONAL
STOP
ON
100%
10%
MACHINE
LOCK
OFF
50%
25%
X+
SINGLE
BLOCK
130%
0%
130%
OD
ID
AXIS LOAD
SPINDLE LOAD
CLAMP
DIRECTION
Key concept #1
CHUCK
TAILSTOCK
From programmers viewpoint

From operators viewpoint

Key Concept
Seven Lessons
Machine configurations
Understanding turning center feeds and speeds
General flow of CNC Usage
Visualizing the execution of a CNC program
Understanding program zero
Determining program zero assignment values
Three ways to assign program zero

Key Concept
Seven Lessons

Key Concept
Seven Lessons

Key Concept
Seven Lessons

Key Concept
Seven Lessons

Key Concept
Seven Lessons
10

Key Concept
Seven Lessons
11

Key Concept
Seven Lessons
12

Key Concept
Seven Lessons
Lesson One Plan
Basic machining practice

Programmable functions
Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Twin spindle horizontal
Single/twin spindle vertical
Mill/turn machines
13
Lesson One Lesson Plan

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
14

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
15

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
16
17

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
1 1
18
Basic Machining Practice

The Key To Proper CNC
Machine Usage!
You must understand basic machining

practice as it relates to CNC turning
19
you must understand:

Machining operations
Like: Rough turning/finish turning
Rough boring/finish boring
Drilling
Tapping
Threading
Grooving/necking
20

Processing
Processing:
Development of the machining order
by which the workpiece is produced
21

Processing
Cutting conditions
You must be able to determine spindle
speed, feedrate, and depth of cut based
upon cutting tool material workpiece
material, and rigidity of setup
22

Processing
Cutting conditions
Work-holding setups
You must be able to design safe workholding setups
23

Processing
Cutting conditions
Work-holding setups
Blueprint reading, dimensioning, etc.
You must understand all aspects of
basic machining practice in order to
write safe, workable CNC programs
24

Processing
Cutting conditions
Work-holding setups
Blueprint reading, dimensioning, etc.
You must understand all aspects of
basic machining practice in order to
write safe, workable CNC programs
25
Machine Configurations
Turning centers are

available in several styles
There are many forms of CNC

turning
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Single spindle vertical
Twin spindle vertical
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
X will be the diameter controlling axis
Z will be the length controlling axis
26

turning
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
27
Front view of machine
Universal style slant bed turning center
Headstock
& Spindle
Work-holding
Device
Center
Body
Quill
Tailstock
Turret
Thats why its called a universal style
A universal slant bed turning

center can perform all types of
turning applications:
Chucker work
Shaft work
Bar work
33
Z Axis
35
Z Axis
36
Z Axis
37
Z Axis
38
Z Axis
39
Z Axis
40
Z Axis
41
Z Axis
42
Z Axis
43
Z Axis
44
Z Axis
45
Z Axis
46
Z Axis
47
Z Axis
48
Z Axis
49
Z Axis
50
Z Axis
51
Z Axis
52
Z Axis
53
Z Axis
54
Z Axis
55
Z Axis
56
Z Axis
57
Z Axis
58
Z Axis
59
Z Axis
60
Z Axis
61
Z Axis
62
Z Axis
63
Z Axis
64
Z Axis
65
Z Axis
66
Z Axis
67
Z Axis
68
Z Axis
69
Z Axis
70
Z Axis
71
Z Axis
72
Z Axis
73
Z is the length controlling axis
Z Axis
X Axis
X Axis
75
X Axis
76
X Axis
77
X Axis
78
X Axis
79
X Axis
80
X Axis
81
X Axis
82
X Axis
83
X Axis
84
X Axis
85
X Axis
86
X Axis
87
X Axis
88
X Axis
89
X Axis
90
X Axis
91
X Axis
92
+
X Axis
X is the diameter controlling axis
93
+
If you want to turn a 3.0 inch diameter
3.000
X Axis
X is DIAMETER
X3.0
X3.0 will be the commanding word
+
X Axis
X is DIAMETER
Once again:
3.000
X is always the diameter-controlling axis
Z is always the length controlling axis
Also:
X+: always gets bigger in diameter
Z+: always away from the spindle
Though some machine tool builders
reverse the polarity of the X axis
X3.0
95

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Because
Chuckeritslant
is thebed
most popular
turning
Twin spindle
center horizontal
style, examples
Single
in thisspindle
coursevertical
stress this
Twin spindle
vertical
machine
type
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
96

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
97

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
98
Same basic components, but
Headstock
Chuck
Turret
NO Tailstock!
Chucker style slant bed turning center
Z is still the length controlling axis
Z Axis
Z travel is usually quite short
+
X Axis
X is still the diameter controlling axis
A chucker-style turning center

cannot perform shaft work!
Chucker style slant bed turning center

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
101

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
102
Separator
View of machine from above
Spindle 1 Spindle 2
Turret 1
Turret 2
Twin spindle horizontal bed style
Separator
104
This machine is like having two independent

chucker-style machines in one!
Spindle 1 Spindle 2
Turret 1
Turret 2
Twin spindle horizontal bed style
Once again:
X is always the diameter-controlling axis
Z is always the length controlling axis
Z Axis
Z Axis
X Axis
And also:
X+: always gets bigger in diameter
(regardless of which spindle)
Z+: always away from the spindle
- -
X Axis
106
When it comes to axis movements, a

program can be run in either spindle!
Z Axis
Z Axis
X Axis
- -
X Axis

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Single spindle
vertical
Some
two-spindle
turning
centers have
Twin
spindle
vertical
opposing
spindles
commonly
called
Mill/turn machines
sub-spindle
turning centers
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
107
Sub-spindle
turning center
Main spindle
108
Sub-spindle
Main spindle
turret
Sub-spindle
turret
Again, X controls diameter,

Z controls length
Z Axis
X Axis
Z Axis
109
X Axis
Sub-spindle
turning center
Sub-spindle
turning center
This kind of machine can machine both

ends of the same workpiece in one cycle
Half-way through the cycle, the
workpiece is transferred from the
main spindle to the sub-spindle
110
Sub-spindle
turning center
1) Machine first half
111
Sub-spindle
turning center
2) Sub-spindle extends
112
Sub-spindle
turning center
3) Sub-spindle retracts
113
Sub-spindle
turning center
4) Machine second half in sub-spindle
114

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Single spindle
vertical
Some
two-spindle
turning
centers have
Twin
spindle
vertical
opposing
spindles
commonly
called
Mill/turn machines
sub-spindle
turning centers
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
115

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
116

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
117
Single Spindle Vertical Style

Front view of machine
Spindle
Turret
119

Turret
This kind of turning center
is popular
with very large, heavy workpieces
Spindle weight helps hold it in
The workpiece
place in the work-holding device!
+
X Axis
Z Axis
Again, X controls diameter,

Z controls length

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
121

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
122
Twin spindle vertical style
Turret 1
Turret 2
Separator
Spindle 1 Spindle 2
124
Twin spindle vertical style
Turret 1
Turret 2
Separator
This machine is like having two singleSpindleturning

1 Spindle
2 in one!
spindle vertical
centers
- -
X Axis
Z Axis
Z Axis
X Axis
Same rules for axis

directions and polarity

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
126

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
127
Any of the machine types

shown so far could be a
mill/turn machine!
Mill/Turn Machines
128
129
Could be a drill, tap,

reamer, end mill, etc.
These machines can rotate

cutting tools (called live tooling)
Mill/Turn Machines
130
And tool could be

placed along X or Z

Mill/Turn Machines
131
Additionally, the main

spindle has two modes:
Normal turning mode
Live tooling mode
The live tooling mode
engages a rotary device. It
could be:
Indexer
Full rotary axis
C axis
Mill/Turn Machines
This kind of machine can

perform operations
commonly thought of as
machining center
operations
completing many
workpieces that would
normally require
secondary operations
Mill/Turn Machines
132

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
133

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
134
Tooling table
135
Spindle
Tool holder
Gang type
X Axis
The entire tooling

table moves!
136
Due to X axis, these

machines tend to be a
little complicated to
program and operate
X+
Tool change time

is almost nothing!
Z Axis
X-
Gang type
X Axis
137
Gang type machines tend to be

quite small and are used for
higher production quantities and
commonly have bar feeders
Z Axis
Gang type

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
138

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
Gang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
139
+
X Axis
Tool only moves in X axis
140
These machines are also

called Swiss type
Workpiece moves
in Z axis!
Z Axis
These machines always

have bar feeders and are
used for small workpieces
Sliding headstock type

turning centers
Universal slant bed
Chucker slant bed
s
d
n
i
k
y
!
n
Single spindle
vertical
s
a
r
e
m
t
n
e
e
r
c
a
Twin
spindle
vertical
g
e
r
n
i
n
he
r
T
tumachines
C
Mill/turn
N
C
f
oGang type
Sliding headstock
In all cases
141
142
Programmable Features
All turning centers have several

important programmable features
All turning centers have certain

programmable features
Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Some turning centers have additional
Jaw open/close
Tailstock positioning
Door open/close
Others?
143

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
144
145
Turret index:
Four digit T word
Wear offset number
T0101
Turret station number &
geometry offset number
Well discuss geometry offsets
later in key concept number one
146
Turret index:
Four digit T word
Wear offset number
T0101
geometry offset number
With most turning centers, the turret will simply
take the shortest direction to the commanded
station (bi-directional turrets)
147
Turret index:
Four digit T word
Wear offset number
T0101
M geometry
codes areoffset
Miscellaneous
number functions
(also
called Machine
functions)
With some
machines,
the turret
rotation
direction can be specified
with
twofrom
M codes
Most
vary
builder to builder
Example: M32 clockwise
M33 counter clockwise

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
148

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
149
Spindle activation:
Spindle is programmable in four ways:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
150
Spindle activation:
G codes are called

preparatory functions
151

Speed can be specified in
1) Speed type
revolutions per minute
G97
2) Speed
(rpm mode)
3) Direction
4) Range
or

surface feet per minute or
G96 meters per minute (depending
upon measurement system)
This is called constant
surface speed mode
Spindle activation:
G codes are called

preparatory functions
152

1) Speed type
revolutions per minute
G97
2) Speed
(rpm mode)
3) Direction
4) Range
or

surface feet per minute or
G96 meters per minute (depending
upon measurement system)
This is called constant
surface speed mode
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
153
154
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
S word
Specifies speed in
rpm or sfm
G96 S600 (600 sfm)
G97 S600 (600 rpm)
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
155
156
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
Three M codes are related

to spindle activation
M03: On in fwd direction

M04: On in rev direction
M05: Off
Use fwd (M03) for right hand tools

Use rev (M04 for left hand tools
Spindle activation:
Examples:
Spindle
is programmable in four ways:
G96 S400
M03
Three M codes are related
1) Speed type
(turn spindle on fwd
at 400activation
sfm)
to
spindle
2) Speed
3) DirectionG97 S400 M04
M03: On in fwd direction
4) Range
(turn spindle on rev at 400 rpm)
M04: On in rev direction
M05:
M05 Off
(turn spindle off)
Use fwd (M03) for right hand tools
Use rev (M04 for left hand tools
157
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
158
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
159
Spindle activation:
Most turning centers have
more than one spindle range
Just like the transmission in a car
lower ranges offer power, higher
ranges offer speed
You must understand your
machines power characteristics!
160
161
Spindle activation:
Power (hp)
Lo
wr
30
an
ge
An example (machines vary!)
gh
i
H
e
g
n
ra
2,000
Speed (rpm)
5,000
162
Spindle activation:
30
an
ge
An example (machines vary!)
Power (hp)
Lo
wr
A general rule of thumb:

e
g
n
ra
Rough
in
the
low
range
gh
i
H
Finish in the high range
2,000
Speed (rpm)
5,000
163
Spindle activation:
1) Speed type
2) Speed
3) Direction
4) Range
M codes select spindle range

M41: Low range
M42: High range
Again, M codes vary You must

check in your machine manual to
find the related M codes

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
164

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
165
Feedrate:
You can specify the feedrate for
cutting motions in one of two
ways
Inches or millimeters
G98 In per minute fashion
per minute
166
or
G99 In per revolution fashion
per revolution
An F word specifies the feedrate

In inch mode:
G99 F0.005 (0.005 inches per revolution)

G98 F15.0 (15.0 inches per minute)
167
Feedrate:
You can specify the feedrate
for
r
fo
)
9
9 ofstwo
cutting motions in(Gone
n
n
r
o
o
i
i
e
t
t
v
a
u
r Inches
eor millimeters
lways
e
n
o
v
p
e
e
o
h
r
w
g
r
G98 In per
minute
fashion
)
n
e
i
eminute
t
8
t
p
t
per
9
a
u
r
e
c
G
d
(
l
d
l
e
e
Us
a
e
e
f
p
t
t
p
s
u
a
o
o
n
i
t
e
s
alm per mor o mak indle
t
p
e
t
s
s
n
e
a
U
h
w
t
G99 In peryorevolution
u
h fashion
t
i
per revolution
w
t
n
e
m
e
v
o
m F word specifies the feedrate
An
In inch mode:
G99 F0.005 (0.005 inches per revolution)

G98 F15.0 (15.0 inches per minute)

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
168

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
169
170
Coolant:
Two more M codes control flood coolant:
M08: Turn flood coolant on
M09: Turn flood coolant off
Coolant is, of course, used to cool
and lubricate the cutting operation

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
171

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Some turningThese
centers
have
additional
functions are almost
programmable
features
always
handled with M codes
Jaw open/close
Door open/close
Others?
172

Turret index
Spindle activation
Feedrate
Coolant
Check
Jaw open/close
in your machines programming
manual to positioning
see if you have any other
Tailstock
programmable features!
Door open/close
Others?
173
Lesson One Lesson Summary

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
174

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
175

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
176

Universal slant bed

Chucker slant bed
Mill/turn machines
177
178
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Turning Center

Programming And Operation

You must understand the

In key concept #1 we look at the

From programmers viewpoint

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

You must understand the

Lesson One Plan

Basic machining practice

Universal slant bed

Lesson One Lesson Plan

Basic machining practice

Universal slant bed

Lesson One Lesson Plan

Basic machining practice

Universal slant bed

Lesson One Lesson Plan

Basic machining practice

Universal slant bed

Lesson One Lesson Plan

Basic machining practice

Universal slant bed

Basic Machining Practice

You must understand basic machining

you must understand:

you must understand:

you must understand:

you must understand:

you must understand:

you must understand:

Turning centers are

There are many forms of CNC

There are many forms of CNC

Front view of machine

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Thats why its called a universal style

A universal slant bed turning

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center

Universal style slant bed turning center