Gyroscopic Principles

Rigidity in space
Gyroscope will remain in a fixed position
Precession
When a force applied to gyro, it will respond as

if force were applied 90* in direction of rotation

Property of gyro (page 84)

A) tendency of spinning gyro to remain fixed in space (the
gyro rotor will try to maintain its position in space even
when mounting base is tilted and rotate(
B) right angle obstinacy (the effect of outside force to tilt or
rotate the gyro will move at right angle to the direction of
force in the direction of rotation

Behavior of vertical gyro (page 86)

The gyro continuously being corrected to vertical position of
airplane this will make possible for pilot to know the actual
attitude of his air plane
Attitude a) nose up nose down (pitch)
b) wing level (roll)
The output from gyro is used in
a) Autopilot b) flight recorder c) radar antenna stabilization
d) flight director

Gimbal Rings

Gyro inside the indicator (page 87)

it used inside the indicators mounted directly on the

instrument panel
figure 5-4
gyro mounted with spin axis vertically and have free
movement in all axis
horizon indicator coupled to the inner gimbals to show the
attitude of air plane
figure 5-5
gyro mounted to the spin axis horizontally
compass indicator card attached to vertical gimbals
disadvantage of this type need manual heading correction
use magnetic compass at level flight as reference)
in commercial air craft we use large expensive gyro not
too far from the center of gravity and control remote
indicators in flight instrument panel

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Gyro horizon indicator no. 1 and no. 2

(page 88-89)

Inner portion of this indicator is moveable sphere

Heavy black line = horizon (separate the light

color upper half from dark lower half

W with dot at center and horizon bar extending
from the sides represent the air plane this symbol is
fixed position in front of sphere
figure 5-9 and figure 5-10 show the position of
indicator with respect to air plane body
other figure show the position of indicator with
respect to pilot
nose up nose down can read angle on the sphere
with the center of W
bank left and right can read from the top of
indicator with respect to position lower triangle

Remote gyro horizon (page 90)

Integrated instrument show in addition to attitude (roll pitch)
Slip indicator (ball insert in curve tube filled with damping
fluid) to show the air plane if slipping or sliding to one side or
other
Rate of turn indicator above slip indicator if the needle is
directly out side one dot the air plane is turning at rate of 180
degree per minute in the direction indicated
Glide slope deviation indicator on the right side
Speed error indicator on the left show the air plan travel
faster or slower the preselected speed
Decision light s (on the upper right
corner) show the preselected radio
altitude above the run way has been
reached or decent
Flight director light (on left hand
upper corner) show flight director
turned on
Push to test button (at lower left)

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:Artificial Horizon with

ILSAOADH-

16

Red flag shows air or electric

power is off line, thus
.instrument is not reliable

17

Artificial Horizon

18

Manual Caging

19

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Remote vertical gyro (page 91)

Vertical gyro called because its spin axis is automatically maintain vertically by

gravity sensing roll and pitch erection systems

Erection system :a system maintain spin axis vertically
We have two erection system
1. Roll axis erection system
2. pitch axis erection system
Torquer: frustrated motor used to erect the spin axis
Roll Erection torquing is cut off when the bank angle exceeds about 6 degree
We use isolated transformer in the output to lessen possible bad effect on the three
legged signal
Commercial A/C never bank or pitch beyond

90 0

Remote horizon system (page 92/93)

Remote gyro horizon system comprised off (vertical gyro,

instrument modules(servo amplifier), horizon ind.)

Instrument module part of black box
Push to test (switch on the front face of indicator.) when
push the indicator. will show right wing down and nose up
and the gyro warning flag appear
In parked airplane this test would indicate whether the
trouble is probably in vertical gyro or servo amplifier or in
horizon indicator

Remote directional gyro (page 94)

The spin axis of Directional gyro is maintained in horizontal

position
Directional gyro is used in a remote reading compass

Rate gyro inside turn ind. (page 95)

Gyro inside panel mounted rate of turn ind. Used in autopilot
The difference between rate gyro (free in one axis) and

normal gyro(free in all axis) is having freedom of movement

in one axis
The gimbals is capable of moving around x-axis but its motion
limited by the spring

Basic rate gyro basic (page 97)

Instead of using aspiring to restrict the motion in one axis there
is a torsion bar

Inclinometer slip indicator

26

Co-ordinated Turn

27

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Gimbals vs. strap down

(page 99)

Gimbals system isolate the acceleration sensing devices

from rotational motion of the air plane and maintain plate

form parallel to the earth rotation
Gyro scopic which cause the gyro gimbals to rotate about
the gyro output axis and generate output signal from the
gyro pick off which represent the angular displacement of
the Gimbals
Strap down system gyro and accelerometers are mounted to
the body of the vehicle the total # of sensor in each system
is twelve (6 gyro , 6 accelerometer
Advantage of strap down over Gimbals system is if any
sensor in Gimbals system fail the entire system useless
(navigation failure) but the strap down remains operational
even after three gyro and three accelerometers have failed

MEMS
Micro-electromechanical Sensor

RLG Ring Laser Gyro

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DC-9

777

EADI