What is an atom?

All matter is made up of atoms.

An atom is defined as the smallest
particle of an element that can exist.

How big is an atom?

.

Contains about 1016 atoms!!!

2 million times more than
humans in the world.

Why do we change models?

Old models are discarded or revised when

they are found to be unsatisfactory in
explaining certain phenomena.

Models are continuously being revised as

new evidence is gathered.

How big is an atom?

A scanning tunnelling
microscope (STM) is
used to observe
atoms.
Atoms have an
average diameter of
about 0.1nm.

Use your imagination!

1803, John Dalton

In 1897, JJ Thomson

Use your imagination!

1911, Ernest Rutherford

1915, Niel Bohr

Present your drawing

Development of the atomic model

2500 years ago,
Democritus:
Matter is made up of
tiny individual
particles called atoms.

Development of the atomic model

In 1803, John Dalton:
- All matter is made up of small indivisible
particles called atoms
- Atoms of the same elements are alike
- Different elements have different types of
atoms
- Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or
changed
- Compounds are formed when two or more
elements combine

Development of the atomic model

In 1897, JJ Thomson:
- An atom is a continuous mass
of positive charges containing
negative charges called
electrons.
- The electrons are like the plums
in a pudding of positive charges
or raisins in a cake.

Development of the atomic model

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford:
- An atom has a small, dense and
positively charged nucleus in the
centre, surrounded by negatively
charged electrons circling around
it, just like planets orbiting around
the Sun.
- Most of the atom is empty space.

Development of the atomic model

In 1915, Niel Bohr:
- An atom has a small, dense
nucleus made up of positively
charged protons and electrically
neutral neutrons.
- The negatively charged electrons
move around the nucleus in fixed
orbits.
- Only a certain number of electrons
can be found in each orbit.

Development of the atomic model

In 1926, Quantum Model of Atom:
- Electrons do not move in fixed orbits.
- They move around the nucleus in
random paths.
- Scientists can only predict the chance
of finding the electrons in a particular
region.
- The regions where an electron is most
likely to be found is called an orbital or
electron density cloud.

Daltons model

Small solid
spherical ball

Thomsons model

Electrons
distributed among
a continuous mass
of positive charges

Ernest Rutherfords model

Electrons orbiting
around a small,
dense positively
charged nucleus

Niel Bohr

Electrons move
round the nucleus
in fixed orbits

Quantum Model

Electrons move
randomly and not
in fixed orbits
They are most
likely to be found
in the orbitals

What makes up an atom?

An atom is the smallest particle of an

element that can exist.
The atom is made up of smaller
particles called sub-atomic particles.

Subatomic particles
Proton (+1) mass =1
Electron ( -1) mass = 1/1840
Neutron ( 0 ) mass= 1

Is an atom charged?

There are equal numbers of protons and

electrons in an atom.
An atom is an electrically neutral entity
made up of a positively charged nucleus
(protons and neutrons) with negatively
charged electrons moving round the
nucleus.

Different types of atoms

Atoms are different because

they have different number of
protons and electrons.
Atoms of the same element
contain the same number of
protons and those of different
elements contain different
number of protons.

Au

79

Mg
12

What is the atomic number?

The atomic number is the

number of protons that an
element has in each atom.
The atomic number is like
the identification card
number each element has
a unique atomic number.

Mg
12
Atomic number

The periodic table

The elements in the periodic table are

arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.

Are there other ways of

representing atoms?

Atoms can be
represented by
circles, spheres
or balls of
different colours
and sizes.

Practice
Carbon
Nucleon
=mass Number
Proton
Number
Number of
protons
Number of
electrons
Number of
neutrons

Oxygen

Journal
12
16
6
8
6
8
6
8

Boron

Sodium

11
5
5
5

23
11
11
11

12-6=6 16-8=8 11-5=6

2311=12
27

Classwork

Workbk Pg 111-115a

What are ions?

Ions are charged particles

An ion is formed when an atom loses or
gains electrons.

Positive ion

Negative ion

Why do they gain or lose electrons?

To be like Group VIII elements

How are positive ions formed?

When an atom loses an electron,

It will have more positive charges than negative
charges;
It becomes a positive ion.

[insert diagram of formation of Na+ from Pg 176]

How are negative ions formed?

When an atom gains an electron,

It will have more negative charges than positive
charges;
It becomes a negative ion.

[insert diagram of formation of Cl- from Pg 176]

And they live happily ever after

Bonding

Overall process

When atoms undergo ionic bonding, ions

Formation
of
ions
are formed.
Ionic

Atoms

Bonding

Ions

Some common ions

Valency
1

Positively charged ions

sodium
Na+
potassium
K+
silver
Ag+
copper(I)
Cu+
hydrogen
H+
*ammonium
NH4+

Negatively charged ions

chloride
Cl bromide
Br iodide
Ihydroxide
OH nitrate
NO3-

lead(II)
copper(II)
magnesium
calcium
zinc
barium
iron(II)

Pb2+
Cu2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Zn2+
Ba2+
Fe2+

*sulfate
sulfite
*carbonate
oxide
Sulfide

SO4 2SO32CO32O2S2-

iron(III)
aluminium

Fe3+
Al3+

*phosphate

PO4 3-

[Insert table of ions from Pg 177]

* Complex ions-important in upper secondary

What are molecules?

A molecule is
made up of two
or more atoms
combined
together.

Molecules of elements

Molecules of elements consist of a fixed

number of the same type of atoms
combined together.

Molecules of compounds

Molecules of compounds consist of a fixed

number of two or more different types of
atoms combined together.

Metals tend to form positive ions

Non-metals tend to form negative ions

Do all compounds exist as molecules?

No, not all compounds

exist as molecules

Some compounds, such

as sodium chloride, are
formed by the attraction of
ions.

Ions

Sodium chloride lattice

Chemical formulae

The chemical formulae of a molecule

shows the number and types of atoms
it contains.

Examples
Oxygen is O2 and methane is CH4

Which of the following are elements and

which are compounds?

Name of molecule and Chemical

formula].

Picture references

Democritus
http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/democritus_1628_Brugghen.jpg
John Dalton
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8421&rendTypeId=4
J J Thomson
http://www.aip.org/history/electron/images/jj-equip.jpg
Niels Bohr
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/sciart/copenhagen/nyc/index.htm
Quantum Model
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/atom-quantum.jpg
Plum pudding
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plum_pudding_atom.svg/348px-Plum_pudding_atom.svg.png
Rutherfods model
http://www.faqs.org/docs/qp/images/rfmodel.gif
Bohrs model
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohrframe/bohr2.gif

Picture references

Atom
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png
STM
http://www.phys.unt.edu/stm/images/STM-side_view.JPG
Molecule spheres of different colours
http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/GBTMolecules/molecules.JPG
Ball and stick model
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/so4clust.jpg
Ions
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/ions.gif
Air molecules
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/AirWeBreathe/Comp/AirAtomsMolecules.jpg
Molecules of elements and compounds
http://www.eoearth.org/upload/thumb/2/24/Compounds_molecules.jpg/300px-Compounds_molecules.jpg
Sodium chloride lattice
http://www.rkm.com.au/imagelibrary/thumbnails/SALT-NaCl-2-150.jpg