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4-2
Introduction
Ricardian Model: L is the only factor and
comparative advantage arises due to
productivity differences.
But this cannot be the only reason that nations
trade.
E.g., Saudi Arabia X oil to U.S., not because its oilfield workers are more productive but because
Saudi Arabia has more oil!
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Introduction (cont.)
In H-O:
Differences in resources are the only
source of trade.
Comparative advantage is determined by
the relative abundance of the factors of
production and the technology which
determines the relative intensity with which
different factors are used in the production
of each good.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved.
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Introduction (cont.)
H-O is called factor-proportions theory
because of its emphasis on the importance of
factors available to the country and the
proportions of factors required to produce
different goods.
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Introduction (cont.)
To study H-O:
First, determine how factor-proportions
theory works in an economy that does not
trade.
Then examine what happens when trade
between 2 countries occurs.
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Input Choice
If the economy produces both goods
competition drives Pgood = cost of production in
each industry.
Cost depends on factor prices if r is high
Pgood that uses T will be higher.
If cloth uses very little T in production r
wont impact PC much. However, food uses
lots of T so r PF.
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Or
value of production
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QFt
-(PC/PF) t = slope
QC t
QC
QF
DF
QF
MF
Foreign
QF
QF
DF
X*F
M*C
XC
DC
QC
QM
QC
DC
QC
QF
(PC/PF)*t (PC/PF)*a
(PC/PF)t
(PC/PF)a
Q*t
Qa = Da
Q*a = D*a
Qt
Home
QC
Foreign
Note: a = autarky and t = trade
Q*C
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1.
2.
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DF
2
MF
1
QF
XC
(PC/PF)
DC
QC
QC
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Empirical Evidence
H-O is a major trade theory and its been extensively
tested. Overall, the tests are not supportive.
U.S. Tests: U.S. is a special case very wealthy vs
rest of the world and K/L is high.
Expect U.S. to export K-intensive goods and import Lintensive goods.
In 1953, Leontief showed a paradox: (K/L)X < (K/L)M.
In 1962, Baldwin also showed the Leontief paradox.
But found U.S. exported goods that were more skilled
L-intensive than its imports. And U.S. exported goods
that were technology-intensive requiring scientists
and engineers.
Data is consistent with the view that U.S. is a skilled L country that
makes sophisticated products.
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