Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Shoes
Injury Prevention and
Performance Enhancement
Shoe Anatomy
sole: bottom of shoe
insole: interior bottom of a shoe
some models have removable insoles
outsole: material in direct contact with ground (tread)
midsole: material between insole and outsole (made of EVA or PU)
upper: top of shoe that holds shoe to foot
Low-cut, mid-cut and high-cut uppers
toe box: area that holds toes and heads of metatarsals
vamp: material over the instep
heel counter: specialized area at heel that is relatively rigid in running
shoes
last: form for shaping shoe (straight, semicurved, curved) and footprint
running
activepeaks
walking
1xBW
0
Time (s)
Running Injuries
plantar fasciitis
anatomical, excessive heel impacts, poor running mechanics
heel spur, hammer toes, bunions
poor shoe fit
ankle and foot sprains
mechanically caused by landing off balance or on an obstacle
tibial stress syndrome/fracture
overuse injury, training on hard surfaces, old or poor footwear
knee/back pain
anatomical differences (leg length, abnormal Q-angle)
shin splints
mechanically caused by rapid changes in training surfaces and
overuse
Purposes of Shoes
protection from:
sprains (high cut shoes may help but reduce flexibility)
cuts and abrasions (strong uppers may increase weight and
decrease mobility)
punctures from nails, rocks, slivers etc. especially for road
running (thick soles help but reduce efficiency)
traction or prevent slippage
tread helps especially on wet surfaces
spikes and studs (check rule books)
cushioning
in midsoles (reduces efficiency)
ventilation
air circulation, water drainage or waterproof?
Cut of Uppers
low cut
greatest mobility
mid cut
high cut
may help to control ankle sprains
Cushioning
Biomechanical Efficiency?
all shoes absorb and
dissipate energy
cushioned running shoes
absorb the most energy
the greater the cushioning
the more lost energy
sprinters shoes have the
least cushioning and are
therefore the more efficient
bare feet are most efficient
but traction may be
compromised and they offer
little protection from stones,
heat or sharp objects
References
Quadriceps-angle or Q-angle
quadriceps-angle is formed in the frontal
plane by two line segments:
from tibial tubercle to the middle of the
patella
from the middle of the patella to the
anterior superior iliac sine (ASIS)
in adults is typically 15 degrees
Increases or decreases in the Q-angles are
associated with increased peak
patellofemoral contact pressures (Huberti &
Hayes, 1984).
Insall, Falvo, & Wise (1976) implicated
increased Q-angle in a prospective study of
patellofemoral pain.
Prostheses
prosthesis
device that replaces an anatomical structure
i.e., an artificial limb
e.g., solid-ankle, cushioned-foot (SACH) foot,
FlexFoot, C-knee, Mauch leg
Sprinting Prostheses
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OscarPistorius