Cardiovascular System

Physiology Department
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

THE HEART WALL :
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
INTERNAL ANATOMY
OF THE HEART :
1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Left Atrium
4. Left Ventricle

 VALVES :
1. Semilunar valves : - aortic valve

- pulmonary valve
2. Atrioventricular valves : - bicuspid (mitral) valve

- tricuspid valve

POSITION OF THE HEART :

Left
: linea medioclavicular
sinistra
Right
: linea parasternalis
dextra
Top
: intercostal II
Bottom : intercostal V

The Conducting System

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
2. Internodal pathways
3. Atrioventricular (AV)
node
4. Bundle of His
5. Bundle branches
6. Purkinje fibers

Action Potential of the Heart

Electrocardiography
(ECG/EKG)

Electrocardiography
(ECG/EKG)
1. P wave : atrial depolarization
2. QRS complex : ventricular
depolarization
- Q : septum interventricular
- R : apex
- S : posterobasal
3. T wave : ventricular repolarization
4. U wave : late ventricular

Heart Cycle

Heart Cycle :
1. Filling Phase
a. Rapid filling
b. Slow filling (diastasis)
c. Atrial contraction
2. Isovolumetric Contraction Phase
3. Ejection Phase
4. Isovolumetric Relaxation

Heart Sounds
There are four heart sounds :
S1 : the AV valves close
S2 : the semilunar valves
close
S3 : blood flowing to the
ventricles
S4 : atrial contraction

Cardiodynamics

CO =

SV x HR

Cardiac Output (CO) : the amount of

blood pumped by each ventricle in 1
minute.
Stroke Volume (SV) : the amount of
blood pumped out of each ventricle
during a single beat.
Heart Rate : the frequency of heart
beats in 1 minute.

Cardiodynamics
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) : the amount
of blood in each ventricle at the end of
ventricular diastole (the start of
ventricular systole)
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) : the amount
of blood remaining in each ventricle at
the end of ventricular systole (the start of
ventricular diastole)
Ejection Fraction : the percentage of the
EDV represented by the ESV.

EDV ESV = SV

Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

Regulation of heart activities

1. Instrinsic regulation :
Heterometric :the ability of
heart to increase its pressure at
different heart volume
Homeometric : the ability of
heart to create different pressure
at the
same volume

2.Extrinsic regulation
central nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
symphathetic (thoraco-lumbal)
parasymphathetic (cervicosacral)
-baroreceptor reflex
-vasomotor area

hormonal

DYSRHYTHMIA
1. Impulses Forming
2. Electrical Conduction

Impulses Forming
1. Bradycardia
2. Tachycardia
3. Premature contraction

Electrical Conduction
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sinoatrial block
Atrioventrikuler block
Reentry
Bundle branch block