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Biometrics with Topics in Face

Recognition
Dr. Karl Ricanek, Jr.
Assistant Professor
Computer Science Dept
University of North Carolina, Wilmington

Discussion Overview
Biometrics
Definition/History
Technologies

Face

Recognition

History/Issues
Research

Questions

Focus

and Answers

Biometrics Definition
(Merriam-Webster

online): the statistical analysis


of biological observations and phenomena.
Biometrics are automated methods of
recognizing a person based on a physiological
or behavioral characteristic. (
http://www.biometrics.org)

Phenotypic biometric based upon features or


behaviors that are acquired through experience and
development.
Genotypic biometric based upon genetic
characteristics or traits.

Biometrics History
First

documented example: Egypt several


thousand years ago. (Biometrics: Advanced Identity Verification
the complete guide, Julian Ashbourn)

Khasekem,

assistant to chief administrator,


used phenotypic biometrics for identification of
food provisions.
Notes

were kept on every worker (100,000 or more)


detailing physical characteristics (eg. age, height,
weight, deformities) and behavioral characteristics
(eg. General disposition, lisp/slurs in speech, etc.)

Biometrics History
Biblical

Reference

Judges

12:5-6: Then said the men of Gilead


unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said
Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce
it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the
passages of the Jordan: and there fell at that
time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
Phenotypic biometric, in particular, voice, was
used to identify Ephraimites, the enemy of the
Gileadites.
Ephraimites

pronounced Sh as S

Biometrics History
Modern

Belgian mathematician and astronomer Adolphe


Quetelet ushered in the modern use of biometrics with
his treatise of 1871, Lanthropometrie ou mesuare des
diffenretes facultes de lhomme
Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon, applied Quetelet work to
develop a system to identify criminals based on
anatomical measures.
Argentinean police officer Juan Vucetich was the first to
use dactyloscopy in 1888. Dactyloscopy is the taking of
fingerprints using ink.

Biometric Technologies: Selected


Fingerprint
Voice
Iris/retina
Gait
Face

Recognition

Biometric Technologies

Fingerprint

Pros:

Years of research and


understanding
Security community
comfortable with technology
Innately distinctive feature

Cons:

Can be altered/worn over


time
Some ethnic groups exhibit
poor discrimination of finger
prints
Automatic techniques not
trusted

Biometric Technologies

Voice

Pros

Non-invasive
Distinctive w.r.t. vocal
chords, vocal tract,
patalte, sinuses, and
tissue w/in mouth

Cons

Easily corrupted with


noise
High false rates (positive
and negative) w.r.t.
physical ailments (colds,
sinus drains, etc.)

Biometric Technologies
Iris/Retina

Pros
Innately unique
No change over time
(static)
Left and right within
themselves
Genetic inheritance
(Genotypic)

Cons

Acquiring image
Alignment/position
Pupil size change

Biometric Technologies
Gait

Pros
Non-invasive
Discriminate under
various conditions (eg,
walking, jogging,
running)
Promising research

Cons
Can be altered
Too early in research

Biometric Technologies: Face Recognition


History
Kanade 1977,
Kaya 1972,
Bledsoe 1964
Feature Metric

1888 Galton
Profile Id

Akamtsu 1991
Brunelli 1992
Neural Network

Ricanek 1999
Variable Lateral
Pose Recognition

Turk 1991
Hong 1991
Shirovich 1987
Statistical

Ricanek, Patterson & Albert 200X


Craniofacial Morphology:
Models for Face Aging
(Research in progress)
Psychophysic
neuroscience
approaches

Face Recognition Techniques

Image Based

Statistical based on O(2nd)

Template matching

PCA/Eigenfaces (dominant)
Fisherfaces (LDA)
Etc.
Spectral analysis
Gabor filtering
Etc.

Feature Based

Geometric
Feature metrics (spatial
relationships)
Morphable models
(shape/texture)

FRT Diagram
Preprocessing
Probe

Preprocessing
Face Recognition
System

Gallery (DB)

Rank ordered lists


from gallery set with
confidence factor

Face Recognition Technologies: Field


Reports

ACLU Press Release:


Data on Face-Recognition Test
at Palm Beach Airport Furthe
r Demonstrates Systems' Fatal
.Flaws
May 14, 2002.

Reports that system in real


world app was effective 53% of
the time

ACLU press release:


Drawing a blank: Tampa police
records reveal poor performanc
e of face-recognition technolo
gy: Tampa officials have suspe
nded
of the system
. Jan. use
3, 2002.
Etc.

System logs obtained by the


ACLU through Florida's openrecords law show that the
system never identified even a
single individual contained in
the departments database of
photographs.

Face Recognition Technologies: Problems


Resolution/Quality
Orientation
Scale
Disguise
Lighting
Image

Currency

Physiologic changes
due to growth
Physiologic changes
due to aging

My Research Niche: Age Progression


Age

Progression

Growth from infancy


to full maturation (~18)
Maturation from full
maturation to
senescence (elderly
years)

My Research Niche: Age Progression


Maturation

Age Progression

Face undergoes significant changes during the


adult age progression which dramatically
impacts face recognition technologies.
Loss

of epidermis elasticity causes the formation of


rhytides and ptosis.
Elasticity loss is caused primarily by photoaging but
contributory factors include smoking, alcohol
consumption, drug use, and some prescribed
medications.
Skin texture changes occur also, rougher skin,
blotchiness/discoloration, hanging skin, etc.

My Research Niche: Age Progression

Face Recognition Rates (offline)


Probe-Gallery

(temporally current)

Image

based: mid 90%


Feature based: mid 90%
Probe-Gallery
Image

(temporally displaced)

based: 80% (1yr) 50% (5yr)


Feature based: unknown

Face Recognition Rank Curve: Normal


1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Face Recognition Rank Curve: Age


Progression
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Teams Research
Constructing the first craniofacial database where each subject
contains multiple images that span from late adolescences
through senescence.
Formulate understanding of the mechanisms of morphological
changes in the human face as it ages from late adolescence (i.e.,
ages 18-21 years) to senescence (i.e., ages 60+ years).

Develop models based on analysis of features for consistent


patterns versus idiosyncratic variations of craniofacial change due
to aging. Develop soft tissue texture map models that simulate
aging of skin.
Detailed evaluation of FRT against the database.

Which features fundamentally change with age?


Which features DO NOT change with age?

How and why does the FRT algorithm fail?

Develop FRT algorithm that is robust against aging.


Develop face detection and tracking techniques.

Questions and Answers

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