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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN

POWER PLANTS

Frans van Aart


Energy Efficiency in IPPC installations
October 21, Vienna

CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introduction
Demand Side Management
Energy Efficiency in Power Generation
LCP and other directives
Conclusions

Introduction

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment


high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry

Annual average electrical efficiency

INTRODUCTION

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment


high efficiency is in line with core business electricity industry
reducing emissions (protection environment)
conservation fuels (preservation of resources)
reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC
too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:
market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants
thus not beneficiary for the environment

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net)


combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air

Efficiency loss vs.


cooling temperature

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net)


combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air
operating load
annual average vs. guaranteed performance

no fixed figures that can be compared right away

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

reducing energy demand good principle


not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners, architects
etcetera

not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive


Energy end-use efficiency and energy services

framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules that


could interfere with the development of the electricity market

3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation

Efficiency in Electricity Generation

3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation
condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
ambient conditions
design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers

Improved boiler materials


improved steam parameters

3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation
condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
ambient conditions
design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers
gas turbine based power plant
higher firing temperature
supercritical steam parameters HRSG

BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)


Fuel
Coal

Lignite

Technique

Electrical efficiency (net) (%)


New plants

Existing plants

PC
(DBB and
WBB)

43 47

FBC

>41

PC (DBB)

39 45

FBC

>40

The achievable improvement


of thermal efficiency
depends on the specific
plant, but as an indication,
a level of
30 40 % or
an incremental improvement
of more than 3 % points
can be seen as associated
with the use of BAT

BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)


Fuel

Technique

Electrical efficiency (net)


(%)

Biomass

Grate-firing

Around 20

Spreader-stoker

>23

FBC (CFBC)

>28 30

FBC
(BFBC and CFBC)

>28 30

Peat

BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)


Plant type

Electrical efficiency (%)


New plants

Existing plants

36 40

25 40

40 42

35 40

54 58

40 54

Gas turbine
Gas turbine
Gas-fired boiler
Gas-fired boiler
CCGT
Combined cycle with or
without supplementary
firing (HRSG) for
electricity generation only

LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration


powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation

Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency


thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and
oranges

cogeneration efficiency fuel utilisation

BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)


Plant type

Fuel utilisation(%)
New and existing plants

Coal
Lignite
Biomass
Peat
Gas-fired boiler
Combined cycle with or
without supplementary
firing

75 85
Depending on the specific plant application
and the heat and electricity demand

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration


powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)

in case heat delivery feasible:


cogeneration can be considered as BAT

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration


Directive 2003/87/EC
Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading

Emission Trading Directive


Market mechanism will result in
lower emissions
higher efficiency
No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency of
LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)

Article 26 Emission Trading Directive


the permit shall not include an emission limit value for
direct emissions of that gas unless,...
Member States may choose not to impose requirements
relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion
units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.

OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS

Goal should be:


public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied
Practical options:

Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible


options

Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"

6 CONCLUSIONS
The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be improved continuously
To be demonstrated by:
Energy plans
Benchmarking
No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency
(not in line with a liberalized market)

Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules


real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation

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