Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PART 1
What is Electricity?
Electrons, atoms, negative charge
Conductors (example?)
Insulators (example?)
Electrical energy
Magnet
Process of Generation
Electrical Units
Three basic units of measurement:
Voltage (volts)
Current (amps)
Resistance (ohms)
Water Analogy
Voltage ~ water
pressure
Current ~ flow rate
Resistance ~ pipe size
Key Concept
Lets say you have a tank of pressurized water
connected to a hose that you use to water your
vegetable garden. If you increase the pressure in the
tank, more water comes out of the hose. Same for
electrical systems: increase the voltage: you get a
higher current of electrons.
OR if you increase the size of the hose more water
can flow out. This is like reducing resistance in an
electrical system, so you get more current.
May 11 30, 2009
Key Concept
In an electrical system, increasing either the
current (i) or the voltage (V) will increase
power output (P).
Increase resistance in the wires, voltage
drops, current drops > power output drops.
Electrical Circuits
Battery is a simple electrical circuit and source
When you load a battery into an electronic
device, the negatively charged electrons will
travel to the portion of the battery with a
positive charge - much like water flowing
down a stream and being forced to turn a water
wheel.
May 11 30, 2009
In a lightbulb, electrical
energy creates heat in the
bulb, and the heat then
creates light.
How much power in
kilowatt-hours does a 100watt lightbulb use in a year?
0.1 kW x 8,760 hours in a
year (24 x 365) or 876
kilowatt-hours (kWh)
May 11 30, 2009
Electrical Current
Direct Current (DC)
Batteries (and solar cells) produce DC. The
positive and negative terminals of a battery
are always positive and negative. Current
always flows in the same direction between
the two terminals.
Electrical Current
Alternating Current (AC)
Power from a power plant is AC. The
direction of the current reverses or
alternates.
In Thailand, AC moves at 50 cycles per
second.
Power from a wall socket is 220 volts, 50cycle single-phase AC power.
May 11 30, 2009
Key Concept
There is an advantage in using less current to
make the same amount of power. The
resistance in electrical wires consumes power;
as current increases, more power consumed.
Using a higher voltage to reduce the current
makes electrical system more efficient.
Transmission Substation
3-phase power leaves the
generator and enters a
transmission substation at
the power plant. This
substation uses large
transformers to convert the
generators voltage
(thousands of volts) up to
extremely high voltages for
long distance transmission
on the grid.
May 11 30, 2009
Transmission Lines
Typical voltages for
long distance
transmission range from
155 to 765 kilovolts (1
kilo is 1000)
A typical long distance
transmission is under
500 kilometres.
Power Substation
Electricity Distribution
To use power in homes
and temples, power
from the transmission
grid must be stepped
down to the distribution
grid.
Conversion from
transmission voltage to
standard line voltage 7.2
kV (kilovolts)
May 11 30, 2009
Key Concept
AC power has one big
advantage: voltage can
be changed (up or
down) using a device
called a transformer.
Power companies save
money using very high
voltages to transmit
power over long
distances.
May 11 30, 2009
Biomass Generation
Solar Photovoltaics
Generation: Capacity
Depends on size of the
hydraulic turbine, the
electric generator and
the height of the water
(head).
The volume of water
behind the dam affects
the maximum amount
of energy that may be
generated in a given
period of time.
May 11 30, 2009
Generation: Efficiency
The efficiency of a generating unit is a
measure of the amount of electrical energy
produced per unit of energy input.
For thermal plants (plants burning fuel), the
energy input is fuel and the way efficiency is
measured is called the heat rate.
The more fuel that has to be burned to
produce electricity, the lower the thermal
efficiency.
May 11 30, 2009
Intermediate Load
Power plants used to respond to variations
in customer demand which occur during the
day. Plants designed for change in output
levels.
Availability vs Outages
Unavailability of a generating unit due to
component failure is called a forced outage.
Various components of generating units
must be removed from service on a regular
basis for preventive maintenance or to
replace components before a forced outage
results this is called a planned outage.
Reserve Capacity
Central power systems designed to meet demand
plus a reserve capacity, over and above the
expected peak load obligation of the power plant
(15 to 45 %).
Today big questions within the industry: should
the amount of installed generating capacity should
be a design requirement (set by government) or
should be determined by the market; who should
pay for transmission? [MORE TOMORROW].
May 11 30, 2009