TPG4220 Drilling Fluid, 2014

Teacher: Pl Skalle
Stud. ass.: Thomas Sahl
Stud. ass.:
NN
Text book:
1. BookBoone: Drilling Fluid
2. ADE from SPE; Recommended:

pal.skalle@ntnu.no
thomas.a.sahl@gmail.com
nn@stud.ntnu.no

Chapter 2, minus 2.1.4. and page 46 left column

2.1.6, 7, 8, 9
2.3.6, 8, 9, 10
2.3.13.1 and 3 + page 77
2.5.11 and 12
Chapter 3
Chapter 4, minus 4.1.2 + page 117 fight column + page 118
4.4.5 and 9
4.11.3 + page 151 + 2
4.12 and 13
4.15.1 and 3 + page 172 and 175 - 183

Schedule:
Tuesdays: 08:15 10:00 P11 Exercises 1 hour
Fridays: 12:15 14:00 P11
Exercise:
1. Solve the exercise and compare with existing solution
2. Write a short report, and for each of the exercises make these statements:
Was the exercise text clear enough? If not make an improved suggestion.
Was existing solution correct? If not make a clear text of how to solve it correctly

3. Make a sketch of totally two completely new exercises, including

Motivation for this suggestion
Task
Expected results

Ch. 1

Introduction

Ch. 2
Ch. 3
Ch. 4
Ch. 5

Circulation
Mud properties
Hydraulics
Important tasks
a.
b.
c.
d.

Remove cuttings from under the bit; drill fast

Transport cuttings out of well
ECD
Stable wellbore

Ch. 1. Introduction

Non-con Gas
Gas
NGLs
Polar oil
Deep water
Heavy
Regular

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1. Introduction

Status 2003

Ch. 2. Mud circulation

2. Mud circulation

The pump

2. Mud Circulation

Pump characteristics

2. Mud circulation

Pump characteristics

Liner size

in

5 1/2

5 3/4

6 1/4

6 1/2

6 3/4

7 1/4

Discharge pressure

psi
bar

5555
383.0

5085
350.6

4670
322

4305
296.8

3980
274.4

3690
254.4

3430
236.5

3200
220.6

Pump flow rate

GPM
m3/s

444
0.0215

486
0.0307

529
.0334

574
.0362

621
.0392

669
.0422

720
.0454

772
.0487

Power

Hp

1439.0

1441.8

1441.3

1441.7

1442.0

1440.3

1440.8

1441.3

Emax =

*q

Pmax

E=p*q

= 1 600 Hp

EMax, recommended =

1 440 Hp

q Max, recommended =

0.0487 m3/s = 2 922 l/min

383 bar

Max, recommended

E=p*q

(W)

E = p (psi) * q (GPM) / 1714

(Hp)

2. Mud circulation

Cleaning of mud

1. Settling
2. Dilution
3. Mechanical separation
4. Chemical treatment

2. Mud circulation

Cleaning of mud

BARITE

.0280

2463

2200

10

.0250

2108

2000

20

.0160

863

800

50

.0090

279

250

60

.0072

230

205

100

.0045

140

125

120

.0037

117

105

200

.0030

74

68

325

.0018

44

40

Colloids

Out

Unweighted
Weighted

Out

Out

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ch. 3. Fluid properties

Mud:

Clay chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Rheology
Additives

Fluid
Colloidal phase
Inert phase
tas
ks

1. Rheology control
2. Particle control (cleaning)
3. Density control
4. Filtration control

Ch. 3
Ch. 5
Ch. 7
Ch. 8

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Sandstone reservoir

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Montmorilonite crystal

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Montmorilonite crystal
1 m = 10 -6 m
1 = 10-10 m
dH2O = 3

0.3

9
12

200
still

sheared

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Montmorilonite crystal

Mg Ca K Na

K Ca Mg Na

40

20
0
Saturated
with NaCl

Destilled
water

exchange

swelling

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Montmorilonite crystal. Viscosity and Filtration control

10 % NaCl

H2O
Dispersed

Flocculated

Aggregated

Aggre./ floccl.

10 % CaCl2

Aggregation: Collapse of diffusion

layer -> parallell plates 20 apart

Dispersed:
Dispersants
Increase pH with NaOH or KOH
Precipitate cations

Flocculate:
High colloid concentration
High electrolyt concentration
High T

Salt
Gypsum
Limestone
Cement

CaCl2 NaCl
CaSO2 *2H2O
CaCO3
Ca(OH) (lime)

3. Fluid properties
3.1. Clay chemistry

Montmorilonite crystal

Attraktive van der Waahl

3. Fluid properties
3.4. Clay chemistry

CEC

3. Fluid properties

3.2. Polymer Chemistry

Type of
charge:

Type of
Polymers:

0
+
- Anionic, behave much like clay:

natural , CMC < 80 0C

synthetic, PHPA > 250 0C

(break up at high T)

3. Fluid properties
3.3. Rheology

Measuring

= F/A = shear stress (Pa)

30
F

20

10

170

511

1022

100

300

600
= v/y = shear rate (s-1)

Speed
RPM

Shear rate
s-1

Reading

600
300
100

1022
511
170

28
14
5

RPM

3. Fluid properties
3.3. Rheology

Measuring

RPM
rpm

600
300
200
100
60
30
6
3
3 10
3 10

s-1

lb/100ft2

Pa

1022 140 148.4 71.05

511 98 103.9 49.75
39.60
170.3
27.39

5
5
5

OFU = * 1.06
SI = OFU * 0.4788

13 13.8
23 11.68
48

8.14
6.61
24.37

3. Fluid properties
3.3. Rheology

4 Models

Newtonian model:
Bingham plastic model:

y pl

1 point
2 points

Power law model:

K n

2 points

Herschel & Bulkley model:

y K n

3 points

Ch. 3.3. Rheology

600
300
3

Models fitted to 2 data points

Newtonian model

300

Bingham - 2 data points - oil field

300 49.75

0.09736 Pas
300
511

1022
511
5

97.36 cP

71.05
49.75
6.61

One constant is sufficient to describe this model.

pl 600 300 140 98 42 cP 0.042 Pas

y 300 pl 98 42 56 lb / 100 ft 2 28.8 Pa

50

pl

Bingham - 2 data points - SI

600 300 71.05 49.75 21.3

0.04168 Pas
600 300
1022 511
511

y 600 pl 600 71.05 0.04168 1022 28 .45 Pa

300

600

RPM

300

600

RPM

300

600

RPM

Power law - 2 data point - SI

log 600 log 300

log 600 log 300

600
71.05
log
300
49.75 3.32 log 71.05 0.514

600
log 2
49.75
log
300
log

Herschel Bulkley - 3 data points - SI

71.05

2.2 Pa
n 10220.514

Models fitted to 3 data points

Herschel Bulkley - 3 data points - oil field

50

y K n
Iteration

50
0

Ch. 3.3. Rheology

Models fit to more than 3 points

.9 9
=0

300

600

.8 4
=0

RPM

y c1 c2 x
y 0 c x

H&B requires non-linear regression:

y c1 c2 x
log( ) log( K ) n log( )

Step 1

y
71.05
49.75

x .
1022
511

..
..
Step 2:

Tool Menu
Data Analysis
Regression

Ch. 3.3. Rheology

2-point Bingham model

pl

y pl
y

is a measure of mechanical
friction

is a measure of inter-colloidal
forces

150

eff /

Sh
ea
r th

pl

30
0

inn
ing

Time
dependency

eff

300

60
0

30
0

Thixothropic
Rheophectic

3. Drilling fluid rheology

3.4. Filtration control

In sandstone and in the lab

Lab testing of filter cake

1. Spurt loss
2. Initial filter is formed

dp

dpores

Real formation

Vol %

3. Filter cake is formed

q filtrate q spurt loss C

q dt V

filtrate

Cuttings
(100 2000 m)

0-4

Sulfonated asphaltene
(50 400 m)

0-2

Barite
(10 -74 m)

5 25

PAC / Clay
(0.1 2 m)

1-5

3. Fluid properties

3.5. Additives

1.
2.
3.

Viscosity control
Fluid loss control
Friction reducer

1. Viscosity control

2. Fluid loss control are polymers

Low-M and low-charge to make higher
viscosity in filtrate (only!)

mud 2
mud 1
filtrate 2

filtrate 1

3. Fluid properties
3.5. Additives

3. Friction reducer

-eff
p

Base fluid
15
700

+ 0.1 % HEC
20
200

Polyetylene oxid
(PEG)
C2nH4n+2On+1
M > 20 000
v(r)

(r )

Ch. 4. Hydraulic friction

Objective:

Necessary knowledge:

Find total loss -> chose pump

Find nozzle p-loss for cleaning
Monitor and control ECD

Plan:
1. Fluid mechanics /Head loss
2. Laminar pressure loss
pipe
annulus
effective viscosity
example
3. Turbulent pressure loss
4. Singularity loss

Circulation system
Fluid rheology
Fluid mechanics

ch 2
ch 3
ch 4

4. Hydraulic friction

4.1. Fluid mechanics

Concervation equations

v y
y

View 1: Microscopic. Langrangian observe a point following the flow

View 2: Macroscopic. Eularian use a control volume
in

out

Continuity equation: Microscopic

General form

Cartesian coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates

v
t

v y v z
v x
t x
y
z

rvr 1 v vz
t r r
r
z

Continuity equation: Macroscopic

d vdV
dt

v A 1 v1 A1 2 v 2 A2

4. Hydraulic friction
4.1. Fluid mechanics

Concervation equations
Momentum equation: Microscopic. Navier-Stoke

General form
Cartesian coordinates
(only x-component)

Cylindrical coordinates
(only the r-component)

Dv
g p
Dt

2v x 2 vx 2 vx
v x
v
v
v
p
v x x v y x v z x
2 2 g x
2
x
y
z
x
dy
dz
t
x

v
v v z
v
v z
vz r
vz z
r
r
z
t
1
2v
2v
p
rv z 12 2z 2z g z

z
z
r
r r r

For steady state laminar flow, this expression reduces to

.
Momentum equation: Macroscopic

v
p
( r z ) g z
z r r
r

d
dV 1 v12 A1 2 v 22 A2 p1 A1 p 2 A2 F Mg

dt

F is the resultant shear force acting on the system, M the total mass flow

dV

The steady state, one dimensional pipe flow the macroscopic expression reduces to:

p1 A1 p 2 A2 F Mg sin

4. Hydraulic friction
4.1. Fluid mechanics

Concervation equations

Q
k 2T 0
t

Energy equation: Microscopic

p v2

g
2
g

Energy equation: Macroscopic

(for incompressible flow)

p v2

h pump

g
2
g

in

h friction
out

First bracket-term is called useful or total head.

p

p
v

is called the hydraulic head while

v 2 2g

the velocity head.

specific density.

4. Hydraulic friction
4.1. Fluid mechanics

Refreshing

v1 = 1.4 m/s

q v ( r ) dA

Find average velocity expressed by the other parameters presented

dA = 2rdr

2v0
2v0 2
2v0 R 2 v0
3
2
4
2
(
r

r
/
R
)
dr

(
r
/
2

r
/
4
R
)

R2
R2
R2 4
2

v0= 2 vzv = 1.4 . 2 = 2.8 m/s

v0 = vmax
v0 = 2vz
Re = vd /
L = ID * 0.06 Re
L = ID * 4.4 Re **1/6

4. Hydraulic friction
4.1. Fluid mechanics

Head loss

Total head:

p v2

z
g 2 g

= Total head minus friction

velocity head:

,
p v2

z
g 2 g

h pump
in

p v2

z
g 2 g

h friction
out

. v2

4. Hydraulic friction

4.2. Laminar flow

Pipe. Newtonian. Microscopic

1. State
2. Constitutive
3. Continuity

dv x

dr

dv x
dr

v
v x v y v z
t
x
y
z

vx v y vz

0
x
y
z

4. Momentum

= -

v
0
x

v v v
v
v z
vz r z vz z
r
r
z
t

vy = vz = 0 (vx = v)

2
2
1

p
rvz 12 v2z v2z g z

z
z
r
r r r

dp
v

r
dx
r r
r

Separating, integrating (from r = 0 to r (dv/dx =0), separating, integrating now from r = r to R (v(r) = 0)
2
and taking dq v 2 r dr leading to q v A v r
total flow after integration
v x (r )

dp p

dx L

dp / dx 2 2
R r
4

32v L
d2

Hagen Poiseulle

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow

Pipe. Newtonian. Microscopic

p A - p A F = mg . sin
1

(p1 - p2 ) Apressure = F = Ashear

p r 2 (r ) 2 r x
(r )

r p

2 x

puniversal = 4/d * w * x

dv x

dr

dv
r dp

dr
2 dx

v x (r )

R p

2 x

dp / dx 2
R r2
4

dv

dp 1

r dr
dx 2

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow

Pipe. Bingham

r dp

2 dx

0 y

dv x

dr

r0 dp

2 dx

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow; friction loss derivation

Annular. Newtonian modle

1. Exact solution of momentum eqn.

dp 4
( R 2 Ri2 ) 2
R0 Ri4 0
q v x 2r dr
R
8 dx
Ri
ln 0

Ri
R0

p 32 v

x
d L2

d L2 d 02 d i2

d 02 d i2
d
ln 0
di

2. Simplified solution of momentum eqn. Slot flow

dp
v
48 2
dx
d hydr
dhydr = douter - dinner

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow:

Two useful techniques:

a. Use Newtonian model, eff, on non-Newtonian fluids

Step 1
p 32 v

x
d2

32 eff L v
d2

p p

eff pl

Step 2

32 pl Lv

32 p L v
d2

16L o
3d

16 y L
3d

y d
6v

use pNewtonian instead of pBingham

pl

eff

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow:

Two useful techniques:

b. Use Universal model, independent of rheological model

Step 0: Check if laminar flow

Step 1: Find shear

rate

R puniversal

2
x

puniversal 2 w

x
R

puniversal = p Newtonian

2 w 32 v

R
d2

w = 8v/d .

Step 2: Plot rheology and find w, pipe

q = 1000 l/min = 0.0167
d = 0.1
v= q/A =
= 8v/ d

Step 3: Find p from puniversal

8v
d

p Newton 32 v

x
d2

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow

Hydraulic friction formulas

Lam.pipe

Lam.annulus

Turb.Pipe.ann.

Newtonianmodel

32v L
p p
d2
48v L
p a
d o d i 2

Binghammodel

p p

p a

32 pl Lv
d2

Powerlawmodel

16L o

3d

48 pl Lv

6 L o

d o d i

d o d i 2

0,092 m0,8 v 1,8 0, 2 L

0,073 m0,8 v 1,8 0pl, 2 L
p
p
d h1, 2
d h1, 2

viscosity, eff=

d
o
6v
o d o d i

Eff.
pipe

Eff.visc.ann.

eff=

Shearratepipe

8v
d

8v
o
d
3 pl

Shearrateann.

12v
d y d i

12v
o
d o d i
2 pl

eff pl

eff pl

8v

2n1
12v
L

p a 4 K

3n d o d i
d o d i
a log n 3,93 50
b 4 L 1
p aN Re

v 2
b 1,75 log n 7
dh 2

eff

8v 3n1

4n
d

eff

12 v 2n1

d
3
n
h

3n 1
K p K

4n

GeneralReann

d n v 2 n
Re
K a 12 n 1

n
2n 1
Ka K

3n

12v
2n1

d
3
n
o i

Fanningflam=16/Re

Fanningflam=24/Re

Kd
8v

Kd h
12 v

8v 3n1

4n
d

d n v 2 n
Re
K p 8 n 1

GeneralRepipe

8v 3n1 L
p p 4 K

4n d
d

4. Hydraulic friction
4.2. Laminar flow; friction loss derivation

Flow example

Symbol

RPM

Unit

rpm
600
300
200
100
6
3

(-)
140
98
78
54
16
13

s-1
1022
511
340
170
10.2
5.1

lb/100 ft2
148.4
103.9
82.7
57.2
17.0
13.8

3 10
3 10

23
48

5.1
5.1

24.4
50.9

Data

Pa

w
71.05
49.75
39.60
27.39
8.14
6.61
11.68
24.37

Step 1: Turn data into SI

v q A
ADC OH

0.0667
0.212 m / s
0.3145

0.6732 0.229 2 0.3145 m 2

4

1
q = 4000
0.0667 m 2 s
1000 60

8v
d

Step 2: Find rheology constants

pl 0.0417 Pas

o 28.5Pa
eff

d di
28.5 0.673 0.229
pl o o
0.0417
7.50 Pas
8v
8 0.212

Step 3: Check type of flow

Step 4: Find

pann

Re

vd hydraulic 1000 0.212 0.444

12.5
eff
7.5

48 0.0417 200 0.212 6 200 28.5

430 77 027 77 457 Pa 0.80 bar

0.444
0.444 2
p Newton

48 0.212 7.5 200

77 430 Pa
0.444 2

Alternative; use universal

.

12 v
d hydraulic

pann

4
d hydraulic

w dx

12 0.212

0.444

5.7

4
33 200 59000 Pa 0.59 bar
0.444

4. Hydraulic friction

F refers to Fanning
M refers to Moody

4.3 Turbulent flow

Introduction

fF = shear stress / kinetic pressure

f M 4 w /

1 2
v 4 f F
2

R p

2 x

pF 2 f F v 2 L / d

hf = friction head > Darcy-Weisback eqn.

fF

3n 1

4n 16
d n v 2n
Re general

16 8n 1 K

fF

v/ eff
Re = d

EGL

24
Re general

HGL

4. Hydraulic friction
4.3 Turbulent flow

f F 0.0791* Re 0.25

Blasius
Moore

e
/R
16

Models curve fit

fF= 0.046 * Re-0.2

Metzner & Reed

fF = a * Regeneral -b

Colebrook
fF = c1 + c2 * NRe - c3
a = f(n)
b = f(n)
c1 = 0.026 (e/d)0.25 + 0.133 (e/d)
c2 = 22 (e/d)0.44
c3 = 1.62 (e/d)0.34

4. Hydraulic friction

losses (in bits, TJ, MWD, PDM, stabs etc)

4.3 Singularity losses

Models

1
K L p /( v 2 )
2

K L, exp antion

A
1 1
A2

f M 4 w /

1 2
v 4 f F
2

K L ,contraction 0.5 K L ,exp ansion

1
1
pbit 1.11 v 2 (1 0.11) v 2
2
2

p c v1 n 0
p c v1.8 0.2 0.8
p c v ? ? ?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ch. 5. Cleaning below the bit

1. Cuttings removal

Hydraulic

Mechanical

Two ways of finding the optimum:

1.
2.

Necessary cleaning energy

Maximize a design criteria:
Rebit
ROP
IF
BHHP

q3 / d 2
q2 / d 2
q3/ 2 / d 2
q3 / d 4

ROP A q / d nozzle

a8

Cuttings removal
Boundary conditions of model
Liner-wise optimization
Well-wise optimization

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.2. Boundary conditions

1. Concerning the pump

80

2. Concerning the friction loss

SPP p pump pbit ploss

ploss = K1D q m

90

fm
%o

ax t

e
ssur
e
r
p
es t

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.2. Boundary conditions

2. Concerning hydraulic friction loss

ploss = K1D q m

Step 1:

log p1 = log K1D + m log q1

log p2 = log K1D + m log q2

Step 1: Create test data and estimate pbit

Pump rate

Pump pressure

Estimated bit pressure loss

5

q1 0.0135m s

p1 10010 Pa

pbit 44 10 Pa

q2 0.027 m3 s

p2 320105 Pa

pbit1 1110 5 Pa

Step 3: Estimate ploss

ploss1 p1 pbit1 89 10 5
ploss 2 p 2 pbit 2 136 10 5

Step 4: Estimate m and K1

log ploss 2 ploss11

log q 2 q1

1.63

K1

ploss1
D q1

1.99 10 6

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.2. Boundary conditions

3. Conserning annular flow velocity

vmax < vturb (around drill collars)

erosion of weak wall

vmin > qr

poor hole cleaning

(cuttings concentration < 0.04)

ploss = K1D q m

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.3. Optimizing ROP. Liner-wise

Model development

ROP A q / d e

a8

Strategy: Find an expression of

q / de

p pump pbit ploss

1
q2
pbit 1.11
2
2
de
4

ploss = K1D q m
1

q

pmax q 2 K1 Dq m 2

de
K bit

R p

1
A

p max q 2 K1 Dq m2
q
q K bit

2 pmax q m2 K1 Dq m1 0

2 pmax

qopt
m2 K1 D

1
m

a8
4

14

2 pmax m2 ploss 0
pbit ,opt

m
pmax
m2

Ae = A1 +A1 + A1

de2 d12 d22 d32

d e d1 3

q4
d e4

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.3. Optimizing ROP. Liner-wise

Graphic solution

1. Boundary conditions:
a.

pmax pbit ploss

b.

ploss = K1D q m

c.

q r and q m

log ploss log K1 D m log q

2. Find 2 data points

3. Enter pbit, opt = ppump . m / (m+2)
4. Read qopt

log-log plot

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.3. Optimizing ROP. Liner-wise

Program + field example

This example was from an operation

in 1980, and the specific pump liner
delivered only 210 bars
Liner was selected on basis of
section qr and qturb. Each liner is
treated individually, i.e. Liner-wise

This is normally how you og about to determine the optimal

hydraulic program:

Step 1. Select the correct q

Comment: The liner is selected for other priorities
than to be covering the max flow rate, but rather
closer to the optimal flow rate. The intricate
selection procedure then becomes much easier
(select q-opt.theoretically directly)
Step 2. Calculate de, nozzle

INPUT

INTERMEDIATE
RESULT

OPTIMAL
OUTPUT

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.3. Optimizing ROP. Liner-wise

Program + new example

6 liner pre-selected
D = 3 000 m
qr
= 0.2 m3 /s ppump = 93 . 105 Pa
qturb = 0.4 m3 /s ppump = 302 . 105 Pa
m = 1.7
K1 = 2.4 . 106

1000

pbit opt = 322 . 1.7 / 3.7 = 148

322 - 148 = 174

100

10

0.001

0.01

0.1

5. Cleaning below the bit

ROP A q / d nozzle

5.4. Optimizing complete well

Model

a8

p = const
E = const

A
de

qoptI

a8

pmax q 2 K1 D q m 2
K bit

2 pmax

K1 D m 2

1
m

a8 4

A
de

a8

1
Emax q K1 Dq m 2
K bit

a8 4

E max
qopt II

K1D m2

1
m 1

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.4. Optimizing complete well

Principles to find optimal solution graphically:

Example

Section
26
17.5
12.25
8.5

end depth
1000
2000
3300
5000

qr.v
0.037
0.032
0.022
0.016

q r.h q-turb
0.042 0.047
0.038 0.040
0.032 0.033
0.025 0.027

smallest liner
6.75 6.5
6.5 - 6
5.75
5.5

Typical questions
a.

Which liner should be used, and what is the optimal flow rate?
Find graphically the pump schedule in the graph below

b.

When should it be changed to a smaller liner dimension in

the 26 section?

What is optimal nozzle size

in 4 000 m depth?
Assume
K1 = 4.0 * 106, m = 1.7

1.
2.

Select q closest to theoretical optimum

If 1. is not conclusive, then choose smallest
possible liner obtain highest ppump

3. Find details like opt. bit size

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.4. Optimizing complete well

Solution to the Example

Section
26
17.5
12.25
8.5

end depth
1000
2000
3300
5000

Which liner should be used?

qr
0.037
0.032
0.022
0.016

qturb
0.047
0.040
0.030
0.022

smallest liner
6.75 6.5
6
5
5

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.4. Optimizing complete well

Solution to the Example

Section
26
17.5
12.25
8.5

b.

end depth
1000
2000
3300
5000

qr
0.037
0.032
0.022
0.016

When change to a smaller liner dimension in the 26 section? Find theoretically. K1 = 4.0 * 106, m = 1.6

E max
qopt II

K1D m2

1
m 1

1.075 106
0.0392

6
410 D 1.6 2

c.

qturb
0.047
0.040
0.030
0.022

1
1.6 1

D = 690 m

Optimal nozzle size in 4000 m depth? Find theoretically. K1 = 4.0 * 106, m = 1.7

pbit opt m 1
I

m2

pmax 264.4 105

2

qopt
1
pbit 1.11
2
2
de
4

264.4 105

2 pmax

qopt
m2 K1 D

1
m

21
22
23

21
21
21

21
22
22

21.00 21.32
21.33 21.66
21.67 21.99

5. Cleaning below the bit

5.4. Optimizing complete well

Program. Summary

Principle:
1.Find Range
2.Find liner
3.Find opt. values