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Resistor
v R (t ) i R (t )R
The Laplace transform of the above equation is
VR (s ) I R (s )R
1
vc (t ) ic (t )dt
C
The Laplace transform of the above equation (assuming
there is no charge stored in the capacitor) is
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Vc (s )
I c (s )
Cs
diL (t )
v L (t ) L
dt
VL (s ) LsI L (s )
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Symbol
V-I
Relation
v R (t ) i R (t )R
I-V Relation
v R (t )
i R (t )
R
dvc (t )
1
vc (t ) ic (t )dt ic (t ) C
C
dt
di L (t )
1
v L (t ) L
i L (t ) v L (t )dt
dt
L
Kirchhoffs Law:
Kirchhoffs current law (node law): states that the algebraic sum of all
currents entering and leaving a node is zero.
Kirchhoffs voltage law (loop or mesh law): states that at any given
instant the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop in an electrical circuit
is zero.
A mathematical model of an electrical circuit can be obtained by applying one
or both of Kirchhoffs laws to it.
Apply Kirchhoffs law (Node or Loop Law) and write the differential
equations for the circuit.
2.
3.
4.
Example.1:
The two-port network shown in the following figure
i(t)
v2(t)
vi (t ) i(t )R
1
i(t )dt
C
1
vo (t )
i(t )dt
C
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1
Vi (s ) I (s )R
I (s )
Cs
1
Vo (s )
I (s )
Cs
1
Vi (s ) I (s )(R
)
Cs
CsVo (s ) I (s )
1
Vi (s ) CsVo (s )(R
)
Cs
Vo ( s )
1
T .F
Vi ( s ) Cs ( R 1 )
Cs
Vi(s)
Vo (s )
1
Vi (s ) 1 RCs
Vo(s
)
1 RCs 0
1
s
RC
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Example.1:another solution
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(b)
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to
write
the
Laplace-transformed
equations
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IR(S)
+
Transformation
vR(t)
iL(t)
+
VR(S)
ZR =
R
IL(S)
+
vL(t)
ZL=LS
VL(S)
ic(t)
Ic(S)
+
vc(t)
-
ZC(S)=1/CS
Vc(S)
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The first step is to transform this RLC circuit into the equivalent impedance form
The transfer function, Eo(s)/Ei(s), can be obtain by applying the voltagedivider rule, hence
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(b)
(c)
Taking the Laplace transforms of Equations (a), (b) and (c), using zero
initial conditions, we obtain
(d)
(e)
(e)
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Eliminating I1(s) from Equations (d) and (e) and writing Ei(s)
in terms of I2(s), we find the transfer function between Eo(s)
and Ei(s) to be
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(a)
(b)
(c)
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Electronic Systems
Modeling
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Inverting amplifiers
Vout
Z2
Vin
Z1
Vout
Z2
1
Vin
Z1
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Inverting Amplifier
Since
, hence we have;
Thus the circuit shown is an inverting amplifier. If R1 = R2 , then the opamp circuit shown acts as a sign inverter.
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Non-inverting Amplifiers:
This equation gives the output voltage eo. Since eo and ei have the
same signs, this op-amp circuit is non-inverting.
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the
transfer
function
after
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(b)
(c)
We find each of the impedance functions,
Z1(s) and Z2(s), and then substitute them into
TF equation (a) of non-inverting amplifier.
Thus
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