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World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises
World oil consumption, 2007
Rank
Country
1 World
US
Date
85,220,000
2007 est.
20,680,000
2007 est.
14,390,000
2007
4 China
7,880,000
2007 est.
5 Japan
5,007,000
2007 est.
6 India
2,722,000
2007 est.
7 Russia
2,699,000
2007 est.
8 Germany
2,456,000
2007 est.
9 Brazil
2,372,000
2007 est.
10 Canada
2,371,000
2007 est.
18 Iran
1,600,000
2007 est.
23,043,000
2007 est.
2 United
States
3 European
Oil
consumption
(bbl/day)
Union
Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
Combustion (burning)
Fuel(C,H)+O2 CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)
hydrocarbons
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Hybrid cars
2009 Toyota Prius
Hybrid
5.3 Lit/100 Km
10.5 Lit/100 Km
1870
First electric car was build in Scotland
1897
The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3
1898
The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-
drive
Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion
engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located
in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles
Source: www.hybridcars.com/history
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gasoline cars.
In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam
1904
Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration,
and odor
Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles
Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed
1997-99
Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car
manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars
2004
The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend
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A
VB > VA
increased
A
VA > VB
1
2
m(VA2 VB2 )
B
braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is
reduced
energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional
cars
In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric
generator and stored in a battery
it is called regenerative energy, or Regen Energy
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mgh
12
Optimum operating
rang
BSFC [g/kWh]
13
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A hybrid System
VCU
Prius does not
have
step gears
clutch or
torque converter
starter motor
alternator
Eclectic motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT
or Continuously
Variable
Transmission
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Prius Hybrid
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
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Electric cars
Have comparable speed and power
Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC 100 years old
High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can
Plug in hybrid
Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both
GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on
Chevrolet Volt
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weight
Limited battery life
Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
Reliability, still under study,
More complex computer controlled systems
May have drivability issues
Expensive to repair
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on battery capacity
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battery
Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces
dramatically)
Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue
Opportunity for researchers:
Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments
and industries
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