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Acids:
acids are sour tasting
Arrhenius acid:
acid Any substance that, when dissolved
in water, increases the concentration of hydronium
ion (H3O+)
Bronsted-Lowry acid:
acid A proton donor
Lewis acid:
acid An electron acceptor
Bases:
bases are bitter tasting and slippery
Arrhenius base:
base Any substance that, when dissolved
in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide
ion (OH-)
Bronsted-Lowery base:
base A proton acceptor
Lewis acid:
acid An electron donor
General Equation
Reversible reaction
ELECTROLYTES
vs
WEAK
_ completely ionized
_ partially ionized
_ strong electrolyte
_ weak electrolyte
_ ionic/very polar bonds _ some covalent bonds
Combined:
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
Combined:
H3PO4 3H+ + PO43-
a. Al(OH)3 + HCl
Weak base
Strong acid
b. Ba(OH)2 +
Strong base
HC2H3O2
Weak acid
c. KOH + H2SO4
Strong base Strong acid
d. NH3 + H2O
Weak base Weak acid
CA
CB
CA
CA
TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
nacid = nbase
Since M=n/V
MAVA = MBVB
TITRATION
MAVA = MBVB
1. Suppose 75.00 mL of hydrochloric acid was required to
neutralize 22.50 mLof 0.52 M NaOH. What is the molarity of
the acid?
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
Ma Va = Mb Vb rearranges to Ma = Mb Vb / Va
so Ma = (0.52 M) (22.50 mL) / (75.00 mL)
= 0.16 M
Now you try:
2. If 37.12 mL of 0.843 M HNO3 neutralized 40.50 mL of KOH,
what is the molarity of the base?
Mb = 0.773 mol/L
TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
nacid = nbase
TITRATION
1. If 37.12 mL of 0.543 M LiOH neutralized 40.50 mL
of H2SO4, what is the molarity of the acid?
2 LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2 H2O
First calculate the moles of base:
0.03712 L LiOH (0.543 mol/1 L) = 0.0202 mol LiOH
Next calculate the moles of acid:
0.0202 mol LiOH (1 mol H2SO4 / 2 mol LiOH)= 0.0101 mol H2SO4
Last calculate the Molarity:
Ma = n/V = 0.010 mol H2SO4 / 0.4050 L = 0.248 M
Water Equilibrium
Water Equilibrium
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
Equilibrium constant for water
Water or water solutions in which [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M
are neutral solutions.
A solution in which [H+] > [OH-] is acidic
A solution in which [H+] < [OH-] is basic
pH
A measure of the hydronium ion
The scale for measuring the hydronium ion concentration
[H3O+] in any solution must be able to cover a large range. A
logarithmic scale covers factors of 10. The p in pH stands for
log.
A solution with a pH of 1 has [H3O+] of 0.1 mol/L or 10-1
A solution with a pH of 3 has [H3O+] of 0.001 mol/L or 10-3
A solution with a pH of 7 has [H3O+] of 0.0000001 mol/L or 10-7
pH = - log [H3O+]
The pH scale
The pH scale ranges from 1 to 10-14 mol/L or from 1
to 14.
pH = - log [H3O+]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acid
neutral
base
Manipulating pH
Algebraic manipulation of:
pH = - log [H3O+]
allows for:
[H3O+] = 10-pH
If pH is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration
then the same equations could be used to describe
the hydroxide (base) concentration.
[OH-] = 10-pOH
thus:
10.8 mL
0.0101 g
5.623 x 10 M
pH = 4.0