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1. Initial considerations
Modifications to the structure to incorporate requirements are best
made at the early design and pre-construction phase of the
structure
For underground structures it may be necessary to visit the
proposed site, or for pipelines the proposed route, to obtain
additional information on low-resistivity areas, availability of
electric power, and the existence of stray dc current or other
possible interaction.
It is common practice for a survey to be made before design
3. Site survey
To establish the actual environmental condition
Media characterizations
water chemistry
pH measurement
soil chemistry
Current requirement test
Availability power supply
Water chemistry:
Samples of water should be analyzed for pH value, amount of
aggressive anions such as chloride, sulfate and other chemical
constituents, and resistivity value
Water containing such chemical constituents can affect the
current requirement necessary for protection
pH measurement:
To validate of the acidity or alkalinity of the media (soil or water)
Soil pH is measured of the pH value of water contained in the soil
pH range: 0 7 being acidic, 7 being neutral & 7 14 being
alkaline
Soil chemistry
Soil resistivity
It is important used in the design of cathodic protection for
underground structures.
Soil resistivity closely related to soil corrosivity
Higher resistivity being associated with low corrosivity
Chemical constituents
Chemical constituents such as sulfide, sulfate, chloride and
others should be analyzed prior to cathodic protection system
design
pH measurement
Made of Plexiglas
Rounded corners for easy cleaning
Current plates are made of stainless steel
Potential pins made of brass and easily
removed
P2
C2
Notes: W, D, L in cm
WD
R
L
R = resistance
= resistivity
P1 & P2 = potential connection
C1 & C2 = current connection
DC voltmeter
DC milliammeter
Rectifier
Adjustable resistor
Cu/CuSO4
Soil surface
Temporary anode
Structure to be protected
Ohms law
( E co E ao ) E o
I c N. I a
Ra
Ra
Where,
N = number of anodes
o
a
4.L
Ra
ln
1
2. .L
r
Note:
1- This equation is valid for anodes with minimum distance 0.30m from protection object.
However for anode-to-object distance less than 0.30m but minimum 0.15m the same
equation may be applied with a correction factor of 1.3.
2- For non-cylindrical anodes:
c
2
2 L
r
Ra
ln
1 1
2. .L r
2L
r
r
1
2L
2 L
Ra
2. S
Ra
4. S
a b
2
, where b 2a
Ra
0.315
A
I c .T . 8760
WTA
U . Ca
Where, T is lifetime (yr)
Ic is total current demand (A)
U is utilization factor for the anode
Ca is anode capacity (Ah/kg)
8760 is # hours/yr
I d . 8760 .T
Wa . Ca
I d A. I p
8760 is # hours/yr
Where, A is surface area of structure to be protected (m2)
Ip is current density required (ampere)
3. Current demand
U . Ca
0.9 x 810 Ah / kg
WTA 514kg
WTA 514
Wa
5.14kg anodes
100 100
8. Therefore, number of anodes required should satisfy both of
the following:
WTA 514
N
100 anodes
Wa 5.14
OR
I d . 8760 .T
Wa . Ca
5.14kg x 729 Ah / yr
Total current
II)
Total resistance
III)
I.
Total current
Same as for sacrificial anode cathodic protection system
Determination of current requirement from the actual
current measurement or by multiplying a current by the
surface area of the structure to be protected
II.
Total resistance
The major factor in the determination of the total circuit
resistance is the anode-to-electrolyte resistance
It is also known as "ground bed resistance," and this is
often the highest resistance in the impressed current
cathodic protection system circuit
EI R
Where,
E is required voltage
I is required current
R is total circuit resistance
Equivalent circuit
Rc+ + Rc- is The resistance of the positive and negative cables will be
dependent on the length and cross sectional area of the
conductor
RS : The resistance of structures such as platforms may be ignored.
E
R
I
E is the change of the structure-to-electrolyte potential to achieve
cathodic protection (usually 1/3 to 1 Volt) and I is the total
current requirement in amperes.
RA : The anode-to-electrolyte resistance will be dependent on the
shape, number, and spacing of the anodes used, and the
electrolyte resistance