NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOMATERIAL

MUTHURAJA.S
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR /
SENSE

Introduction

NanoHistory
NanoTechnology
NanoMaterial
NanoBiology
NanoElectronic
NanoComputational Science
NanoFunding

History of NANO

Tools 2,000,000 B.C.

Metallurgy 3600 B.C.
Steam power 1764
Mass production 1908
Automation 1946

Sixth industrial revolution

NOW

Moving from micrometer scale to nanometer

scale devices

Milestone
1959
Bottom
1974
1981
1986
1987
1991
2000
Initiative
2002. 01

R. Feynman Delivers Plenty of Room at the

First Molecular Electronic Device Patented
Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented
First single-electron transistor created
Carbon Nanotubes Discovered
US Launches National Nanotechnology
ITRI Nano Research Center Established

What is Nanomaterial?
Nanomaterials are commonly defined as
materials with an average grain size less
than 100 nanometers.
One billion nanometers equals one meter

Comparisons
The average width of a human hair is on the
order of 100,000 nanometers
A single particle of smoke is in the order of
1,000 nanometers.

Why Nanotech?
A small science with a huge potential

Why Nanotech?
Nanotechnology exploits benefits of
ultra small size, enabling the use of
particles to deliver a range of important
benefits
Small particles are invisible :
Transparent Coatings/Films are attainable

Small particles are very weight efficient:

Surfaces can be modified with minimal
material.

Components

Weight efficient and Uniform

coverage
Large spherical
particles do not
cover much surface
area
Nanoparticles Equal
mass of small
platelet particles
provides thorough
coverage (1 x 106
times more)

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology: The creation of functional
materials, devices and systems through control
of matter on the nanometer(1~100nm) length
scale and the exploitation of novel properties
and phenomena developed at that scale.
Why nano length scale ?
- By patterning matter on the nano scale,
it is possible to vary fundamental properties of
materials without changing the chemical
composition

Approaches
Top-down Breaking down matter into
more basic building blocks. Frequently
uses chemical or thermal methods.
Bottoms-up Building complex systems
by combining simple atomic-level
components.

Different types of Nanomaterial

Nanopowder
Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter)
for more complex nanostructures.

Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite
sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in
diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers
(microns) long.
The Strongest Material

Nanopowders
Advanced nanophase materials
synthesized from nanopowders have
improved properties.
Such as increased stronger and less
breakable ceramics. They may conduct
electrons, ions, heat, or light more readily
then conventional materials.
Exhibit improved magnetic and catalytic
properties.

Advantages of Nanopowders
Continuous connections between large
numbers of grains make the material more
stretchable and ductile so it doesn't easily
crack.
Made of tight clusters of very small
particles, resulting in overlapping electron
clouds that induce quantum effects.
Possibly resulting in more efficient
conduction of light or electricity.

Nanopowder Applications
Useful in manufacturing
inhalable drugs.
Particles in the
micrometer scale are
deposited in the alveoli of
the lung, often leading to
clumping problems.
Could use smaller
nanoparticles to prevent
clumping by forcing
spacing.

Pictures

Nanotube
Carbon
Nanotube(CNT)
- Originally,
discovered as by
products of fullerenes
and now are
considered to be the
building blocks of
future nanoscale
electronic and
mechanical devices.

Nanotube
Discovery of CNT
(1) Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube(MWNT)
- Sumio Ijyma(Nature,1991)
(2) Single-Walled carbon Nanotube(SWNT)
- Ijyma,Bethune,et al. (1993)
(3) Single Crystals of SWNT
- R.R.Schlittler,et al. (Science, May.2001)

Structure of Nanotube

SWNT atom structures

- Basically,sheets of graphite
rolled up
into a tube as shown figure.
- The hexagonal two
dimensional lattice of graphite
is mapped on a cylinder of
radius R with various helicities
characterized by the rolling
vectors (n,m).

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Nanotube applications
Structural elements in bridges, buildings, towers, and
cables
Material for making lightweight vehicles for all terrains
Heavy-duty shock absorbers
Open-ended straws for chemical probing and cellular
injection
Nanoelectronics including batteries capacitors, and
diodes
Microelectronic heat-sinks and insulation due to high
thermal conductivity
Nanoscale gears and mechanical components
Electron guns for flat-panel displays
Nanotube-buckyball encapsulation coupling for
molecular computing with high RAM capacity

Research from IBM

The IBM scientists used nanotubes to make a
"voltage inverter" circuit, also known as a "NOT"
gate . They encoded the entire inverter logic
function along the length of a single carbon
nanotube, forming the world's first intramolecular -- or single-molecule -- logic circuit.
Carbon nanotube transistors transformed into
logic-performing integrated circuits; major step
toward molecular computers
Aug 28 2001-breakthrough development of

transistor technology

Spinach Proteins and Carbon

Nanotubes
Spinach contains a chlorophyll-containing
protein called Photosystem I (PSI, pronounced
PS One) that upon receiving a photon of light,
exhibits an electrical current that flows through it
in one direction in 10 to 30 picoseconds 100
times faster than in a silicon photodiode.
Applications in photo battery or solar electric
cell. Next generation opto-electronics might be
spinach based rather than silicon.

Nanodevices in the Treatment

of Cancer

Nanostructures in Biological
Systems

Two major concerns

1. To be large enough they dont just pass
through the body.
2. Need to be small enough they dont
accumulate in vital organs and create
toxicity problems.

Biological Nanodevices
Bottom-up approach frequently used when
constructing nanomaterials for use in
medicine
Most animal cells are 10 to 20 thousand
nanometers in diameter.
Nanodevices smaller than 100
nanometers would be able to enter the
cells and organelles where they could
interact with DNA and proteins.

Biological Nanodevices (cont)

This could assist with
the detection of
disease in very small
cell or tissue samples.
Could also allow less
invasive examination
of living cells within
the body.

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Currently done by physical examination or
imaging techniques
Early molecular changes not detected by
these methods.
Need to detect changes in small
percentage of cells, need very sensitive
technology, enter nanostructures.

Improvements in Diagnostics
Nanodevices could exam tissue or cell
samples without physically altering them.
Improving miniaturization will allow
nanodevices to contain the tools to
perform multiple tests simultaneously.
Leading to faster, more efficient, and less
sample consuming diagnostic tests.

Cantilevers
Tiny levers that bind to molecules
associated with cancerous tissue. (such
as altered DNA sequences or proteins)
Surface tension changes lead to bonded
cantilevers bending, which can be used to
detect the presence of these molecules.
May allow detection of earlier stages of
cancer.

Nanopores
Helps researchers detect errors in the genetic
cause that may lead to cancer.
Funnels DNA through, one strand at a time,
resulting in more efficient DNA sequencing.
Monitor shape and electrical properties of each
base as they pass through the nanopore.
Properties, which are unique to the bases, allow
the nanopore to help decipher information
encoded in the DNA.

Nanotubes
Carbon rods approximately half the
diameter of a DNA molecule.
Used to detect the presence, and exact
location, of altered genes.
Bulky molecules designed to tag specific
DNA mutations.

Nanotubes (cont)
Nanotubes trace the
physical shape of the
DNA, outlining the
mutated regions.
Important because
location of mutations
influence the effects
they have on the cell.

Quantum Dots
Tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated
by ultraviolet light.
Color of glow dependent on size.
Create latex beads designed to bind to specific
DNA sequences. Quantum dots within the
beads can be used to identify specific regions of
DNA.
Diversity allows creation of many unique dot
labels for DNA sequences.
Useful because cancer often results from
accumulation of many different changes in cells.

Cancer Treatment
Nanotechnology may allow treatments that
target cancer cells without harming nearby
healthy cells.
May allow creation of therapeutic agents
that have a controlled, time-release
strategy for delivering toxins.

Nanoshells
Upon absorbing infrared light, release a
lethal dose of intense heat.
Linking nanoshells to antibodies that
recognize cancer cells has successfully
allowed researchers to kill cancer cells
without harming neighboring noncancerous tissue. (in a laboratory)

Dendrimers
Man-made molecule comparable in size to
average protein.
Has a branching shape, allowing the attachment
of therapeutic devices and biologically active
molecules.
May be used to detect and treat cancer while
reporting on the results of its attempts.

Timetables (according to the NCI)

Quantum dots, nanopores, and other
detection and diagnosis devices may be
available for clinical use in 5 to 15 years.
Therapeutic agents have a similar
timeframe.
Integrated devices may be available
clinically in about 15 to 20 years.

Nanotechnology in
Electronic Applications

Moores Law
Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) predicted in
1965 that the transistor density of semiconductor
chips would double roughly every 18 months.
It's not a law! It's a prediction about what device
physicists and process engineers can achieve

Moore's Law Holding!

Ambitious Predictions
Moore's Law will have run its course around
2019. By that time, transistor features will be just
a few atoms in width. But new computer
architectures will continue the exponential
growth of computing.
For example, computing cubes are already
being designed that will provide thousands of
layers of circuits.

Facts
Nanotechnologys ability to continually increase
the amount of data that fits on a microchip
provided the industry with escalating computing
speed and power, which led to even-morepowerful products and a strong motive for
customers to upgrade.
However, at some point, that miniaturization
process collides with the physical limits of
silicon.

Back In the Days

Transistors
The transistor,
invented by three
scientists at the Bell
Laboratories in 1947,
rapidly replaced the
vacuum tube as an
electronic signal
regulator.

Transistors
A transistor regulates current or voltage
flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals.
Transistors are the basic elements in
integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of
very large numbers of transistors
interconnected with circuitry and baked
into a single silicon microchip or "chip."

Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element present in sand
(source is readily available). It is one of the
best known semiconductor material in
electronic components.

Silicon conducts electricity to an extent that

depends on the extent to which impurities are
added

Molecular Devices
Molecular Scale Electronic Devices
Molecular Computers are constructed from Molecular
Scale Electronic Devices which are electronic devices
that consist of only a few atoms and are constructed
and interconnected by chemical means.

Major Benefits
The major benefits of molecular electronics are a
dramatic reduction in size and power consumption.

Computational Science in NM
Computational Science comes in to
develop tools for modeling and designing
nanoscale systems.
The development of a range of
computational tools, integrated with each
other, easily used and widely available to
industry, is the goal of the Nanomaterials
researchers

Why Computational?
Modeling and simulation provides an
opportunity to be smarter, quicker!
Whilst experimental programs are vital, modeling
ensures that more value is obtained from
experiments

Examples
In electronics -dealing with electrons,
the density functional methods and the
Monte Carlo modeling are employed in
Molecular dynamics to make predictions
concerning nanoparticles (e.g defect
electronic properties, wetting properties),
or macromolecules.

Tools / software
NanoCad in Java A freeware nanotech design
system
NanoDesign: Concepts and software for
nanotechnology based on functionalized
fullerenes
AccuModel Accurate 3-D models using the
MM3 force field
Amoeba A simulator for nanotechnology
etc

Reference
http://www.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/rev32_3/brave.htm
http://arxiv.org/ftp/cond-mat/papers/0210/0210187.pdf
http://www.mpg.de/doku/wb_materials/wb_materials_166_176.pdf
http://www.anl.gov/OPA/logos19-1/nanotech02.htm
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/alliance/partners/ApplicationTechnologies/N
anomaterials.html
http://www.matmod.com/FAQ.html
http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/ressearch_units/research_section/nanotech/
nanotech_main.html
http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/nanotech/nano03.htm
http://www.nanotechfoundation.org/what.html
http://www.riken.go.jp/labwww/library/publication/review/pdf/No_45/45_0
01.pdf
http://www.ul.ie/~childsp/CinA/Issue58/TOC12_Nanomaterial.htm
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/gcc/projects/in-actionnanotechnology.html