NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT
ITS TOP VIEW
ITS FRONT VIEW
ITS SIDE VIEW
a b

POINT A
a
a

LINE AB
ab
a b

VP
2

nd

Quad.

1ST Quad.

Observe

X Y

HP

3rd Quad.

4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERL
2

POINT A IN
Point A is
Placed In
2ND QUADRANT
different
A
quadrants
and its Fv &
Tv
are brought in
same plane for
HP
Observer to
see
clearly.
Fv is visible as
t is a view on
VP. But as Tv
is a view on
Hp,
t is rotated
downward 900,
n clockwise
Direction (in
1st
HP
quadrant).The
n front part of
Hp comes
below
xy line.

A
The HP behind POINT A IN
the Vp is also
3RD QUADRANT

rotated
clockwise, and
therefore
comes above

POINT A IN
1ST QUADRANT

VP
a

VP
a

a
HP

OBSERVER

OBSERVER

a
HP
OBSERVER

a
a

VP

OBSERVER

VP

POINT A IN
4TH QUADRANT

Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clock

3

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS

V
P

HP
PF

V
P

V
P

PF

V
P

PT
HP

HP

PT
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

POINT IN 1st
PT: TOP VIEW QUADRANT

HP

PF: FRONT
VIEW
POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

POINT IN 3rd
QUADRANT

PT
HP

HP

HP

V
P

PT

PF

P
V

HP

V
P

PF
4

How you will draw on the sheet

PF

PF

PT

y
PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

POINT IN 1st
QUADRANT

PT

PT: TOP VIEW

PF: FRONT
VIEW

PF
POINT IN 3rd
QUADRANT

y
PT
PF

POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.

POINT A ABOVE HP
& INFRONT OF VP

POINT A ABOVE HP
& IN VP

POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

For Tv

For Tv

a
A
Y

A
Y

For
Fv

For
Fv

a
X

a
For
Fv

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy,
Tv below xy.

Fv above xy,
Tv on xy.

VP

Fv on xy,
Tv below xy.

VP
a

VP
a

a
HP

HP

HP

Projection of lines, planes,

solids
Line consists of 2 points
Plane consists of 3 or more points
Solid consists of more than 3 points
Therefore in order to project lines,
planes and solids, we need to project
their corresponding points and join
them
7

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.

AIM:- TO DRAW ITS PROJECTIONS - FV & TV.
INFORMATION REGARDING A
LINE:
ITS LENGTH,
POSITION OF ITS ENDS WITH HP
& VP
ITS INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP
SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.
3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.
4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.
5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.
8

(Pictorial Presentation)

Orthographic Pattern

For Tv

Note:
Fv is a vertical line
Showing True Length
&
Tv is a point.

.
V.P

1.

A Line
perpendicular
to Hp
&
X
// to Vp

A
FV
b

a
Fv
b

Fo
rF
v

V.P.

TV a b

Tv a b

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation)
2.

.
V.P

A Line
// to Hp
&
// to Vp

.
F.V

V.P.

Note:
Fv & Tv both are
// to xy
&
both show T. L.

For Tv

b
B

Fv

a
A

Y
Fo
rF
v

b
X
a

Y
a

V.
T.

Tv

H.P.
9

True
Length
A Line inclined to Hp
and
parallel to Vp

.
V.P

b
.
F.V

F.
V.

3.

V.P.

Fv inclined to xy
Tv parallel to xy.

(Pictorial presentation)

.
T.V

Y
a

T.V.

H.P.
Orthographic Projections

4.

A Line inclined to Vp
and
parallel to Hp

.
V.P
a

V.P.

Tv inclined to xy
Fv parallel to xy.
F.V.

(Pictorial presentation)

T.V.

Tv

True
Length

X
a

Fv

H.P.

b
10

For Tv

For Tv
5.

.
V.P

On removal of object
For
Fv i.e. Line AB
Fv as a image on Vp.
Tv as a image on Hp,

a
A
a

F.V
.

F.V
.

B
Y

For
Fv

A
X

T.V.

.
V.P

(Pictorial presentation)

A Line inclined to both

Hp and Vp

T.V.

V.P.
b

and are
NOT the true angles
(inclinations) of the
line with the planes

FV
a

Orthographic Projections
Fv is seen on Vp clearly.

To see Tv clearly, HP
is rotated 900
downwards,
Hence it comes below xy.

TV

H.P.

Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to

xy.
(No view is parallel to xy)
Both Fv & Tv are reduced
lengths.
(No view shows True Length)
11

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity
It has length and width but no thickness
For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be
treated as a plane
A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is
termed as a lamina
Information usually given:
1. Shape of the plane
2. Inclination of its surface with one of the reference
planes
3. Inclination of one of its edges with the other reference
plane will be given
12

CASE OF A RECTANGLE OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.

SURFACE INCLINED TO HP

SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP

For Tv

For T.V.

For

d
c

VP

d
c

VP

Fo
r

ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Apparent Shape
TV-Previous Shape

ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Inclined to XY
TV- Reduced Shape

VP

HP

For
Fv

F.V
.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy

a
b

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
For T.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO V

a1

a
b

a1

d1

b1

c1

HP

b1
d1

c1

d1

c1
a1

HP

b1

C
13

F.V
.

Center lines
Drawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or
spherical objects or details.
Thin long chains composed of alternately long and
short dashes.
Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the
short dashes in length.
Center of a circular curve is indicated by a cross
made up of centerline chains.
14

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FO
R
FO

.
S.V

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TOP VIEW

15

3 . Angle projection
rd

Top view

Front view

Right Side view

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

F.V
.

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

17