2G3G Interworking Final

2G <-> 3G inter-working
NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004
2G <-> 3G inter working

Idle mode
Connected mode
2G -> 3G reselection
2G -> 3G handover CS AMR
2G -> 3G handover PS
3G -> 2G handover CS AMR
3G -> 2G handover PS
Cell Reselection
TS
TS25.304
25.304
5.2.3.1.2
5.2.3.1.2
Cell Selection S-Criteria-
The cell selection criteria S

are defined as follows:
The cell selection criterion S
for a suitable cell is fulfilled
when:
Where:
HCS in use:
Serving
Serving +
+ measured
measured
neighboring
neighboring cells
cells
S-Criteria
S-Criteria OK
OK
Best
Best
R
R
Best
Best
R
R
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation

Squal > 0
Srxlev > 0
Squal
HCS not in use:

Serving
Serving +
+ measured
measured
neighboring
neighboring cells
cells
S-Criteria
S-Criteria OK
OK
Fast MS
Cells
Cells
Cells with
with
Cells with
with
Lower
Highest
Lower HCS
HCS
Highest HCS
HCS
Priority
Priorities
Priority than
than
Priorities &
&
in
H
in Serving
Serving cell
cell
H>
>0
0
Squal = Qqualmeas Qqualmin
If No Cell Best
Best
with H>0
R
R
accept all
neighbors
Cell Selection quality value, (dB).

Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells
Srxlev
Cell Selection RX level value (dB)
Qqualmeas
Measured cell quality value. The quality of the
received signal expressed in CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for
FDD cells. Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells.
Qrxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal,
CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm), P-CCPCH RSCP
for TDD cells (dBm) and RXLEV for GSM cells (dBm).
Qqualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB).
Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells.
Qrxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell. (dBm)
Pcompensation max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB)
UE_TXPWR_
Maximum TX power level an UE may use when
MAX_RACH
accessing the cell on RACH (read in system information), (dBm)
P_MAX
Maximum RF output power of the UE, (dBm)
-115dBm
-115dBm
-104dBm
-20dB
-115dBm
intra
inter
GSM
Cell Reselection
If system info in the cell indicates that HCS is not used (UseOfHCS)
then for intra-freq, inter-freq and inter-system the UE shall:
If Squal > Sintrasearch, UE need not perform intra-frequency

measurements.
If Squal <= Sintrasearch, perform intra-frequency measurements.
If Squal > Sintersearch, UE need not perform inter-frequency

measurements
If Squal <= Sintersearch, perform inter-frequency measurements.
If Squal > SsearchRAT m, UE need not perform measurements on cells

of RAT "m".
If Squal <= SsearchRAT m, perform measurements on cells of RAT
"m".
Cell Reselection
Region
Condition
Neighbour cells to be measured
Squal > Sintrasearch
None
Sintersearch < Squal Sintrasearch
Intra-frequency cells
SsearchRATm < Squal Sintersearch
Intra- and inter-frequency cells
Squal SsearchRATm
Intra-, inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells
Sintrasearch =
4 dB: Equate to 16dB Ec/No
S
S
Ssearch
intrasearch intersearch
RAT
Sintersearch = 2 dB: Equate to 18dB Ec/No

SsearchRAT m, = 0dB:
Equate to 20dB
Ec/No
1
WCDMA
CELL
Cell Reselection
The following cell re-selection criteria is used for intra-freq, inter-freq &
inter-RAT:
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsetn
Where:
Qmeas
Quality value. The quality value of the received signal expressed in CPICH_Ec/No
or CPICH_RSCP_LEV for FDD cells as set by the
Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure information element, PCCPCH_RSCP_LEV for TDD cells and RXLEV for GSM cells.
Qhyst1
This specifies the hysteresis for serving cell that is of different radio access modes
or technologies AND for serving FDD cell when cell_selection_and reselectionquality_measure is set CPICH RSCP..
Qhyst2
This specifies the hysteresis for serving FDD cell when the cell_selection_and
reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH Ec/No.
Qoffset1
This specifies the offset between the two cells when the neighbour cells that are of
different radio access modes or technologies AND for neighbour FDD cells when
cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH RSCP
Qoffset2
This specifies the offset between the two cells when neighbour FDD cells when the
cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH Ec/No.
Cell Reselection
First ranking of all the cells based on
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM)
Serving WCDMA cell

calculation, with
Rs = CPICH RSCP/GSM RSSI + Qhyst1
hysteresis parameter
Rn= CPICH_RSCP(n) or RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM
cell calculation with offset
parameter
Yes
Rn higher in GSM cell No
Cell re-selection
to GSM
Second ranking only for WCDMA cells based on

CPICH Ec/No
If a TDD or GSM cell is ranked as the best cell, then the UE
must perform cell re-selection to that TDD or GSM cell.
If a FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and

cell_selection_and_reselection-quality_measure is set to
CPICH RSCP, the UE shall perform cell re-selection to that FDD
cell.
If a FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and IE
cell_selection_and_reselection-quality_measure is set to
CPICH Ec/No, the UE shall perform a second ranking of the
8 cells
NOKIA
/ OS-PS to
CE the
NokiaRExpert
Clubusing
ISHO / 18.10.2004
FDD
according
criteria
the measurement
quantity CPICH Ec/No calculating the R values of the FDD
Rs = CPICH Ec/No + Qhyst2

Rn= CPICH Ec/No -Qoffset2
Cell re-selection to
WCDMA cell of highest
R value
Cell Reselection
Cell Reselection Process with S,H, and R CriteriaHCS in use:
HCS not in use:
Serving + measured
neighboring cells
Serving + measured
neighboring cells
S-Criteria OK
S-Criteria OK
Fast MS
Cells with
Lower HCS
Priority than
in Serving cell
Cells with
Highest HCS
Priorities &
H>0
Best
R
Best
R
If No Cell
with H>0
accept all
neighbors
Best
R
TS
TS25.304
25.304
5.2.6.1
5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used
WCEL:UseOfHCS = 0 (HCS not used), 1

(HCS in use)
When serving cell belongs to a hierarchical cell

structure, the UE use Squal for FDD cells and Srxlev for
TDD cells as Sx
Squal = Q
- Qqualmin
qualmeas
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Rules for intra- and inter-frequency measurements:
if (Srxlevs <= SsearchhHCS) OR (FDD and Sx <= Sintersearch)

UE shall measure all intra- and inter-frequency cells
else if (Sx > Sintersearch)
UE shall measure all intra and inter-frequency cells which
HCS_PRIO = 0 7;
0 indicates
have higher HCS priority than the serving
cell. lowest priority
and 7 the highest priority
10
Sintrasearch = 4dB, Sintersearch = 2dB, Slimit,

searchRAT = 2dB
Ssearch_RAT
= 0dB, Ssearch_HCS = 1dB, SHCS_RAT =
TS
TS25.304
25.304
5.2.6.1
5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used
When serving cell belongs to a hierarchical cell structure, the

Squal for FDD cells and Srxlev for TDD cells as S x
Rules for inter-RAT measurements:

SSearchRATm
)
if (Srxlevs <= SHCS,RATm) OR (FDD and Squal <= Squal
=Q
- Qqualmin
UE shall measure all inter-RAT cells
Srxlev = Q
Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
else if (Sx > Slimit, SearchRATm)
UE need not to measure inter-RATm neighboring cells
else
UE shall measure all inter-RATm cells with have equal or
higher HCS priority level than the serving cell.
qualmeas
rxlevmeas
11
Sintrasearch = 4dB, Sintersearch = 2dB, Slimit,

searchRAT = 2dB
Ssearch_RAT = 0dB, Ssearch_HCS = 1dB, SHCS_RAT =
1dB
TS
TS25.304
25.304
5.2.6.1
5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used & fast moving UE
If the number of cell reselections during time period T CRmax

exceeds NCR, high-mobility has been detected.
When the number of cell reselections during time period
TCRmax no longer exceeds NCR, UE shall continue these
measurements during time period TCrmaxHyst.
Then,
UE shall revert to measure according to the

threshold based measurement rules.
TCRmax = 60s, NCR = 8,
TCRmaxHyst = 0s
12
Cell Reselection
Neighbour measurements summary

SsearchRAT mSlimitsearchRAT m Sintersearch Sintrasearch
Intrafrequency
Interfreqency
Inter-RAT
Intrafrequency
Interfreqency
Inter-RAT
13
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
Intrafrequenc
y
Interfrequenc
y
Higher
HCS
priority
inter RAT
Intrafrequency
Interfrequency
Intrafrequenc
y
Sx=Squal=
Ec/No
No need to
measure HCS not
neighbour used
cells
Higher HCS priority

Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
HCS
used
3G -> 2G cell reselection
14
3G -> 2G Cell Reselection
GSMncellHCSpriority
GSMncellHCSthreshold
GSMncellQrxlevMin
GSMncellPenaltyTime
GSMncellQoffset1
GSMncellTempOffset1
HOPGId
15
Nokia Strategy: reselect to GSM early

Note: GSM cell could be 15 dB weaker
Qmeas (CPICH Ec/No)
Serving WCDMA Cell
Rs
Qqualmin= -18 dB
Squals
Neighbour GSM Cell
Rs
AdjgQoffset1=-15 dB
Qhyst1=0 d
SsearchR
AT= 2 (4
about -100 dBm level in GSM
dB)
t
16
Cell Reselection
Parameter Summary
Name
HCS_PRIO
NCr
Description
Defines the HCS priority level for a cell
Defines the maximum number of cell reselections
QHCS
Quality threshold level for applying prioritised hierarchical cell re-selection for a cell WCDMA: -24
Qhyst1 is used for TDD and GSM cells, and for FDD cells when cell selection and reselection quality measure is set to CPICH RSCP
4
Qhyst2 is used for FDD cells when cell selection and re-selection quality measure is
set to CPICH Ec/No
4
The minimum required quality level in the cell (Ec/No)
-20
WCDMA: -115
The minimum required RX level in the cell
GSM: -105
The RAT specific threshold for inter-RAT measurement rules
1
The threshold for inter-frequency measurements, and for the HCS measurement
rules
2
The threshold for intra-frequency measurements, and for the HCS measurement
rules
4
Qhyst1
Qhyst2
QqualMin
QrxlevMin
SHCS_RAT
Sintersearch
Default
Sintrasearch
Slimit_Search
RAT
Threshold for skipping inter-RAT measurement rules in HCS
Ssearch_RAT
SsearchHCS
TCrmax
TCrmaxHyst
Treselection
UseOfHCS
17
The RAT-specific threshold for inter-RAT measurement rules

Threshold for intra- and interfrequency measurement rules in HCS
The duration for evaluating the allowed amount of cell reselections
60 sec
Cell reselection hysteresis for reverting from UE high-mobility measurements
0 sec
The UE triggers the reselection of a new cell if the cell reselection criteria are fulfilled
during the time interval Treselection
Indicates whether the serving cell belongs to a Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS), or
not
0
8
2
0
1
0
0
18
Cell Reselection Parameters

Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P define thresholds. The threshold value also
indicates, when the measurements have to be initiated and performed. The
measurements are either started, when the serving cells RLA is below or above
the threshold value. The default value is 15.
FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset define offset values, which have to be
added to the RLA of the serving and non-serving GSM cells. The result is
compared with the RSCP value of the WCDMA cell. The default parameter is 0.
FDD_Qmin defines a minimum CPICH Ec/No threshold for WCDMA cell for cell
re-selection.
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or
0=RSCP, default: 1).
3G_Search_PRIO is used to inidicate to the MS if 3G cells can be looked for
when BSIC decoding is required. (0=no, 1=yes, default: 1)
The 3G Cell Reselection list is only used by multi-RAT MSs. The system
information SI2quater and SI2ter can be used to provide 3G cell information. If
the two system information messages carry 3G cell information, than their lists
have to be combined in the UEs 3G Cell Reselection list, which may then hold
up to 96 UMTS cells. Up to 8 carrier frequency bands can be stored in this list,
too.
19
Cell Reselection Measurements

Cell Reselection for Circuit Switched Services (Packet Switched
Services)
A multi-RAT mobile phone reads the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list, which may
hold other RATs. The network controls the cell reselection measurements by the
parameter Qsearch_I (Qsearch_P), which is broadcasted on the BCCH (PBCCH).
The two parameters define thresholds, which tell the UE whether
measurements have to be performed when the RLA_C (RLA_P) of the serving
cell is below or above the threshold. GSM cell measurements are often
conducted more frequently then inter-frequency measurements to save battery
power.
The MS identifies and selects the best UTRAN cell, given in the (GPRS) 3G Cell
Reselection list, within 30 seconds. This holds, too, when several UTRAN cells
of the same frequency are listed. This time increases by 30 seconds for each
additional UTRAN frequency band in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list. The
time limits are only valid under good radio conditions.
In the packet transfer mode, a MS must sent the first access to the best new
UTRAN cell at latest 10+x seconds. x stands for the time required to read the
relevant cell system information. The time holds only, when no new GSM cell is
activated
and good radio conditions. The time increases by 5 seconds for each
20
additional UTRAN carrier band listed in the GPRS 3G Cell Reselection list.
Cell Reselection Algorithm

Algorithm for cell re-selection from GSM (GPRS) to the FDD mode in
UTRAN
Pre-requisite for cell re-selection to UMTS is, that UTRAN carrier bands are
included in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list. If so, the MS must update
RLA_C (RLA_P) value for the serving cell and
at least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells
at least every 5 seconds. Thereafter, the MS can re-select a suitable UTRAN cell,
based on the S-Criterion. If an FDD cell is suitable, following two conditions
must have been met:
For a period of 5 seconds, the measured RSCP value must exceed the PLA_C
(RLA_P) of the serving GSM and of all non-serving GSM cells by the value
FDD_Qoffset (FDD_GPRS_Qoffset). Did a cell re-selection occur within the
previous 15 seconds, the FDD_Qoffset value is increased by 5 dB.
The measured Ec/No value of the FDD cell must be greater or equal than the
broadcasted value FDD_Qmin.
If the UE as performed a cell re-selection to UTRAN within the previous 5
seconds, a cell re-selection back to UTRAN is not allowed, when a suitable cell
can be found within GSM.
21
GSM BCCH 2Quater / 2Terinfo

H
BCC
22
Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-W

Cell Reselect
ion List
BCCH: FDD_Qm
in, FDD_Qoffset
at least every 5 s
GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if :
RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I)
for 0<Qsearch_I<=7
or
RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I)
for 7<Qsearch_I<=15
check
Measurement Updates:
RLA_C value of the serving cell
+ least 6 strongest non serving G
Fdd_Qoffset:
select allways
(value is
-infinity)
If, for suitable UMTS cell

& for a period of 5 s:
no priorities
between CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset
WCDMA
and
neighbours
CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin
23
WCDMA cell
reselection
FDD_Qmin= -13
dB
Cell Re-selection Parameters

Range of Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P (either Below or Above values comp.
to RLA_C)
Recommended value is 7 (measure always)
66
R_Below 00
11
22
33
44
55
77
dBm
-98
-90
-86
-82
-78
-98 -94
-94
-90
-86
-82
-78 -74
-74 Always
Always
R_Upper
dBm
88
-78
-78
99
-74
-74
10
10
-70
-70
11
11
-66
-66
12
12
-62
-62
13
13
-58
-58
14
15
14
15
-54
-54 Never
Never
Range of FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset

Recommended value is 0 (select always if acceptable)
66
Range
00
11
22
33
44
55
dBm -Always
-Always -28
-28
24
77
-24
-24
-20
-20
-16
-16
-12
-12
-8
-8
-4
-4
Range
88
99
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
dBm
00
44
88
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
28
28
Cell Re-selection Parameters

Range of FDD_Qmin
New mapping from 05.08 [late 2003]:
Recommended value is 7 (-13 dBm)
UEs have to support new parameter range
Range00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
dBm-20
-20-19
-19 -18
-18-17
-17-16
-16-15
-15-14
-14-13
-13
Fdd_Qmin mapping
Aif parameter
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fdd_Qmin (old) [dB] -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13
Fdd_Qmin (new) [dB] -20 -6 -18 -8 -16 -10 -14 -12
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell

(1=Ec/No or 0=RSCP, default 1)
3G_Search_PRIO parameter allows to extend the BSIC reporting
interval from 10 s to 13s by checking the BSICs from non-serving
BCCH carriers and also make WCDMA measurements as often as
old possible. Range is 0=no, 1=yes, default value 1
Defined in the SI2quater and PSI3quater if PBCCH is allocated.
FDD_(GPRS)
FDD_REP_
3G_search_
FDD_(GPRS)
FDD_REP_
3G_search_
Parameter
Qsearch_I
Qsearch_P
Qsearch_P
FDD_QMin
ParameterQsearch_I
Qsearch_P
Qsearch_P
FDD_QMinQoffset QUANT
Qoffset QUANT PRIO
PRIO
2(3)quarter
Name
2(3)quarter
Namefor
for 2quater 2quater 3quater
2ter
2quater
2ter
2quater
2quater
3quater
2ter
2quater
2ter
Sys
(PBCCH)
SysInfo
Info(SI)
(SI)
(PBCCH)
25
Cell Re-selection Example

Non GPRS case
RSCP/
RLA_C
Ec/No
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
RLA_C
Serving GSM Cell
Measurements starts (serving cell)
Qsearch_I=
(-98 dBm)
FDD_Qoffset =6 (-8 dB)
FDD_Qmin=0
(-20 dB)
RSCP
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

5 sec.
26
Cell Re-selection Example

GPRS case
RSCP/
RLA_C
Ec/No
RLA_P
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_GPRS_Qoffset =10 (8 d
Qsearch_P=
(-98 dBm)
Serving GSM Cell (Best)
RSCP
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qmin
=-20 dB
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

t
5 sec.
27
WCDMA-> GSM cell reselection
First ranking of all the cells based on

Serving WCDMA cell
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM)
calculation, with
hysteresis parameter
Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1
GSM cell measurements
Rn= RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1
available If :
CPICH Ec/No-QqualMin
< Ssearch_RAT
No
Rn higher in
GSM cell
Second ranking only for

WCDMA cells
28
Yes
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM

cell calculation with offset
parameter
Cell re-selection
to GSM
How to avoid ping pong ?

When phone is camped on 3G, GSM measurements can start when CPICH
Ec/Io of serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin.
When phone is camped on GSM, cell reselection to 3G is possible if CPICH
Ec/Io of the candidate is above FDD_Qmin.
Therefore, to avoid ping pongs between 3G and GSM the following
condition should be met:
CPICH Ec/Io
FDD_Qmin >=
QqualMin+Ssearch_RAT
FDD_Qmin >=
-13 dB
QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT
Ssearch_RAT=4 dB
QqualMin=-18 dB
Camping on 3G
Camping on GSM Camping on 3G

t
29
3G -> 2G General handover

procedure flow
30
ISHO Process Overview

HO
HOTriggering
TriggeringThresholds
Thresholdsset
setin
inRNC
RNC
About 25 HO parameters
Event
EventTriggered
TriggeredCoverage/Capacity
Coverage/Capacity
based
HO
fulfilled
based HO fulfilledin
inRNC
RNC
5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
RNC
RNCcommands
commandsselected
selectedUE(s)
UE(s)to
tostart
start
IF/IS
measurements
IF/IS measurements
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours)

48 Inter-Freq neighbours
32 Inter-System neighbours can be me
Measurements
Measurementsare
aredone
donein
in
Compressed
Mode
(CM)
Compressed Mode (CM)
31
UE
UEreports
reportsGSM
GSMcells
cellswith
with
strongest
RSSI
signals
to
strongest RSSI signals toRNC
RNC
Max 32 neighbours could be measure
RSSI
RSSImeasurements
measurementsand
andBSIC
BSIC
verification
for
GSM
cells
verification for GSM cells
Reporting cells are active set cells

(max 3) + max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO n
RNC
RNCmakes
makesHO
HOdecision
decisionand
and
commands
UE
to
target
cell
commands UE to target cell
Different decision methods for IF HO

Only one decision method for IS HO
3G -> 2G Handover measurement

triggering
32
IS Handover Triggering Reasons

1. DL DPCH approaches its
maximum allowed power
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL
3. Low measured absolute
CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo
5 . Low measured absolute
CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp,
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp
HO trigger
2. Quality deterioration report

from UL outer loop PC
FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality
FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
4. UE Tx power approaches it
maximum allowed power, eve
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
6 . Others (Not implemented in
RAN 1.5):
e.g. Traffic & load reason
IS-HO, etc
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI

Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG
33
Measurement triggering: DL
Coverage DCH Data Frame
e.g. Radio Link Measurement Report
(e.g. Transmitted Code Power Value) Iub
UE
Node B
PO3 Pilot
TPCTFCI PO1
Data 1 bits
Data 2 bits bits
PO2
Max Power on
Channel
RNC
DL_CODE_PWR PowerOffsetDLdpc
CPICH_POWER + MAX_DL_DPCH_TXP
+ DL_DPCH_TXPWR_THRESHOLD
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL
Max Power on DPCH (e.g. 33

dBm)
Example Speech:
Power Data Bits > 33dBm + (-3dB)

+ (-1dB)
Power Data Bits > 29 dBm (~1W)
Serving
WCDMA cell
34
Its time to trigger

HO measurements
time
in the UE
Measurement triggering: DL
Coverage
RNC orders UE to make IF/IS measurements when DL TX power of a single radio link
reaches threshold defined as:
DL_code_PWR -PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot > CPICH Pwr + DL Tx Pwr +
DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold
DL_CODE_PWR = measured DL code power
PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot = power offset for the DPCCH pilot bits relative to the
DPDCHs power default = 3 dB, range 0...6 dB, step size 0.25 dB
DL Tx Pwr (DPCH) = measurement on DPCH Tx power, (reported by BTS)
RLMeasRepPeriod (WBTS) / default=500ms, range 0..2000ms, step 100ms
CPICH Pwr = Tx power of the CPICH of an active cell
PtxPrimaryCPICH (serving RNC) or AdjsCPICHTxPwr (drifting RNC)/33 dBm, range
-1050 dBm, step 0.1 dBm
DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold = depends on the service type
FMCI: InterfreqDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS
-1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step
0.5 dB)
FMCG: GSMDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS
-1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step
0.5 dB)
In Addition, the DL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed
WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL/64 kbits/s
NOTE: Either WCDMA or GSM will be measured, not both systems
35
Measurement triggering: UL Quality

HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL
EnableULQualDetRep
Target SIR
RNC
RNC
1st Quality deterioration report from PC to HC i
Max SIR target

SIR
SIR
2nd Quality deterioration report (while the

satisfied the message is periodically repea
Actual SIR targe

Min SIR target
default 5s
ULQualDetRepThreshold (recommendation 2 s)
36
time
Measurement triggering: UL Quality

RNC starts IF/IS measurements based on UL outer-loop power control
reports.
Enable reports from Outer-loop Power Control Controller to trigger IF/IS
HO, RNC:EnableULQualDetRep/default 0=no, 1=yes
Time duration for which BER/BLER target has not been reached,
despite SIR target at maximum level, RNC:
ULQualDetRepThreshold/5 s, 0.5..5, step 0.5s
Periodic report, every RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold seconds, while
BLER/BLER target is not reached.
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
37
e.g. P-CPICH Ec/No
Measurement triggering: CPICH

Ec/No
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold

(triggered if one)
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute
threshold (triggered if all)
Cell 1
Cell 3
1E: HHoEcNoCancel
absolute
hreshold
1F: HHoEcNoThresho
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime
38
Cell 2
time
1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis

Ec/No
RNC starts IF/IS measurement when event 1F occurs for all cells in
the active set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute
threshold
RNC stops IF/IS measurement when event 1E occurs for at least
one cell of the active set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than
an absolute threshold
Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are
cancelled by events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not
successful and only inside the time between
CMmeasurements, specifiedby the time
InterFreqMinMeasInterval GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s,
recommendation 2s .
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:
FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period
39

Ec/No
Event 1E parameters:
Triggering conditions: Active set cells
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoCancel/ -20 dB
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Amount of reporting: infinity
Reporting interval: not applied.
Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.
Event 1F parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoThreshold / 22 dB (range 0..-24 dB)
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis / 640 ms
(range 0..5000ms)
40
UE Tx Power
Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D

6A: The UE Tx power exceeds an absolute
threshold
6B: The UE Tx power falls below an absolute
threshold
6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value 6D
min(UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, P_MAX)
6A
UE Transmitted
Power Tx
Threshold
6B
InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst time to
trigger
GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst
41
time
Measurement triggering: UL
Coverage
RNC orders IF/IS measurements when one of the following event occurs:
Event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold
Event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
Also GSM measurements could be measured first depending on UE Tx
power values in IFHO and ISHO parameters
Only lower threshold is send to UE, so either WCDMA or GSM is
measured first, but also other RAT could be measured if not good
enough neighbour is found
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
RNC calls off inter-frequency measurements when event 6B occurs: the
UE Tx power becomes less than an absolute threshold.
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE.
FMCI : InterfreqUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8=10ms (range 10..480ms)
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8 =10ms (range 10..480ms)
NOTE: Not all UE vendors support 6A event
42
Measurement triggering: UL
Coverage
Event 6A parameters:
Time-to-trigger: 0s
UE Transmitted Power threshold = min (UEtxPowerMaxDPCH,
Pmax) UE_TX_POWER_threshold
UEtxPowerMaxDPCH is the maximum allowed UL tx power on
DPCH in the active cell (range -50..24 dBm, step 1, default 21
dBm), Pmax is the maximum RF output power
UE_TX_POWER_Threshold depends on the type of service:
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrAMR/-3 dB (range -10..0, step1)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrCS/-3 dB (same range and step)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrNrtPS/-3 dB
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrRtPS/-3 dB
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS
-1/-3/-1/-3/ dB
Event 6B parameters: time-to-trigger
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
Event 6D parameter: time-to-trigger: 0s
43
e.g. P-CPICH Rscp
Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP

Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold
(triggered if one)
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute
threshold (triggered if all)
Cell 1
Cell 3
1E: HHoRscpCancel
absolute
hreshold
1F: HHoRscpThresho
1E: HHoRscpCancelTime
44
Cell 2
time
1F: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis

UE continually monitors pilot channels of BTSs in AS
If RSCP of a Node B falls below threshold, HHoRscpThreshold, UE
sends event 1F report
RNC starts IF/IS measurements when event 1F occurs for all cells in AS
RNC stops IF/IS measurements when event 1E occurs for at least one
cell of AS
Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are
cancelled by events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not
successful and only inside the time between
CMmeasurements, specifiedby the time
InterFreqMinMeasInterval GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s,
recommendation 2s .
UE filtering applied before event evaluation using
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient (FMCS) /200ms, range 2001600ms
45

Event 1E (A primary CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold) parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1E
Threshold used frequency: (FMCS) : HHoRscpCancel/ - 100 dBm
Time-to-trigger: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells .
Event 1F (A primary CPICH falls below an absolute threshold) parameters:
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: HHoRscpThreshold (FMCS)/ - 105 dBm
Time-to-trigger: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis (FMCS)/ 640 ms
46
3G -> 2G Compressed Mode
47
Compressed Mode in Uplink

GSM BTS
WCDMA BTS
DL CM (this should be off

when GSM is measured)
DL
UL CM (needed to avoid interf

During WCDMA transmission
signal leakage will go to GSM
Rx also
48
Compressed Mode (CM)

CM was introduced to WCDMA to allow inter-frequency (system) handovers
CM is used to create idle periods (gaps) in the transmission during which ncell
measurements on another frequency can be made
Measurement
Measurementgap
gap
Compressed
Power /
Mode
Data
Rate
Normal frame
Normal frame
Normal frame
Gaps can be created using single or double frame approach (Nokia supports
both)
Because same data amount is sent in a shorter time more power is needed
during CM (both in UE and BTS)
=> affects WCDMA coverage
Fast Power control information might be lost during the gap => higher Eb/No
=> affects WCDMA capacity
Compressed frames may be lost if power control is not set correctly
=> affects WCDMA quality
CM methods are Puncturing, Spreading Factor Halving and Higher Layer
Scheduling
49
Performance of Compressed Mode:

Capacity
Assumption
Assumption
Effect
Effect to
to the
the capacity
capacity
Required
RequiredEb/No
Eb/Noisis1.5
1.5dB
dB 1.5 dB = 41% more interference
1.5 dB = 41% more interference
higher
during
compressed
frames
higher during compressed frames
Every
41%
Every3rd
3rdframe
frameisiscompressed
compressed
41%/3
/3=
=14%
14%more
moreinterference
interference
10%
10%of
ofthe
theusers
usersare
are 14% /10 = 1.4% more interference
14% /10 = 1.4% more interference
measured
measuredat
atthe
thesame
sametime
time
Capacity degradation < 2%
act
actincrease
increasein
inEb/N0
Eb/N0depends
dependson
onservice,
service,multipath
multipathdiversity,
diversity,antenna
antennadiversit
diversi
mobile
mobilespeed,
speed,uplink
uplinkor
ordownlink,
downlink,measurement
measurementgap
gaplength,
length,compressed
compressedmode
mode
method
method(spreading
(spreadingfactor
factoror
orpuncturing),
puncturing),and
and1.5
1.5dB
dBrepresents
representsaatypical
typicalvalue
value
50
Performance of Compressed Mode:

Coverage
Effect to the coverage
Assumption
Assumption
Effect to the coverage

of
of real
real time
time services
services
Required
RequiredEb/No
Eb/Noisis1.5
1.5dB
dB
1.5
1.5dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
higher
during
compressed
frames
higher during compressed frames
10*log10(15/8)
10*log10(15/8)
7-slot
gap
is
used
7-slot gap is used
=
=2.7
2.7dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
Every
with
Every2nd
2ndframe
frameisiscompressed
compressed
with
4.2
dB
4.2
dB//22=
=2.1
2.1dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
20
ms
interleaving
(speech)
20 ms interleaving (speech)
Total coverage
reduction 2.1 dB 2.7 dB + 1.5 dB more power is
needed during compressed mode
Mobile max. power
Compressed
mode
Frame error if mobile hits

Non-real time services can reduce the bit rate during
its maximum power compressed frames no effect to coverage
51
Speech connection can switch to a lower AMR mode
Measurement Gap
Single-frame method
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7
timeslots
TGL
radio frame
radio frame
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7, 10, or 14
timeslots
Double-frame method
TG
L
radio frame
Min transmitted TSs per Frame: 8

52
radio frame
Compressed mode methods

Puncturing for Speech in DL
Reducing the physical channel bit amount (Channel Coding Convolution Coding)
More Tx power is needed if same QoS requirements have to be satisfied
Only if all DCHs have enough free puncturing capacity
RNC: DLPuncturingLimit/0.68 =puncturing from coding rate 1/3 to coding
rate 1/2.
Halving Spreading Factor, SF/2 for RT and NRT services (UL and
DL)
Doubles temporarily the physical channel data rate, possible for all services
Needs 3 dB more UE power due to halved spreading ratio
If new channelization code is available from code tree in DL
WCEL: AltScramblingCodeCM/0=used (def), 1=not used
Higher Layer Scheduling, HLS (UL and DL)
Only possible for PS services (RT or NRT)

Does not cause extra load to the cell but reduces DCH user data
HLS data rate or HLS data rate possible
Double frame is used in case of puncturing and HLS data rate

Single frame is used in case of spreading factor halving and HLS data
rate.
53
Compressed mode parameters

CM can be activated/deactivated by CMmasterSwitch (RNC) /0=in use (def)
HLS rate configurable using HLSModeSelection (RNC)/def 0=1/2 HSL , 1=3/4
HSL
Method used for voice:
HLS not possible
UL LowerULAMRmodeCM (RNC) /7.4 kbits/s defines AMR mode
corresponding to SF/2
DL selection bit puncturing and SF/2 based on MinDLAMRmodeCM
(RNC)/7.4 kbits/s (range 4.75...12.2 kbits/s)
Method used for RT and NRT services

SF/2 is allowed if: UE DL Tx Power < Max_UE_DL_Tx_Pwr
PowerMarginCMcodeHalving (RNC)/3 dB (range 0..10, step 0.25)
Maximum number of UEs in CM is controlled through MaxNumbUECMcoverHO
(RNC)/16 (range 0..255)
The number of UEs in DL CM depends on the PtxTotal value
The number of UEs in UL CM depends on the PrxTotal value
54
How many UEs in Compressed Mode ?
DL/UL
transmission power
No new UE can be in CM
here
PtxOffset/
PrxOffset
PtxTarget/
PrxTarget
One new UE in CM can be

allowed
if the limit is not reached
New UEs can be switched to CM

when:
Pxx_Total < Pxx_Target &
# of UEs in CM <
MaxNumbUECMcoverHO
Load
55
Applicable methods for related

services
Service
UL CM method
DL CM Method
AMR
SF/2, HLS
SF/2, Puncturing
PS NRT
SF/2, HLS
SF/2, HLS
CS Data
SF/2
SF/2
AMR+PS
1. If the PS bit rate >> AMR bit rate it is

possible to create idle gaps by applying frame
compression to just the PS DCH. In this case
the CM method selection is as in the case of
stand-alone PS NRT.
2. If both DCHs must be compressed then
only the methods applicable to both can be
used: i.e. in DL only SF/2 is possible
CM method
SF/2
HLS
HLS
Puncturing
56
Frame Mode
Single Frame
Single Frame
Double Frame
Double Frame
Selection of DL CM Method
Channel coding
>DLPuncturingLimit
Yes
Use puncturing
(for AMR speech)
No
AMR rate
Yes
>MinDLAMRModeCM
Lower AMR rate

(+ puncturing)
DL CM is started with
Puncturing instead of SF/2
because puncturing needs
less power, allow more
puncturing if downlink
capacity is orthogonal cod
limited
No
SF/2 code available
No
Link level power
limit reached
Yes
Use SF/2 with the

same scrambling code
Alternative scrambling co
No Use SF/2 with another is used when the SF/2 co
scrambling code
is reserved
Yes
Reduce bit rate
(for packet data)
57
UL: LowerULAMRModeCM
for AMR rate
Compressed mode method

in RAN 1.5.2
Compressed mode method in NRT PS
Triggering reason: Too high UE Tx power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateUL should be checked

Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 1,2,3,4,5
Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Triggering reason: Too high DL DCH power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateDL should be checked

Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 4,5
Triggering reason: Low CPICH EcNo, Low CPICH RSCP, poor UL DCH
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 2,3,4,5

Id
58
Compressed mode method
Puncturing (Not supported in RAN 1.5)
SF/2
SF/2 with alternative scrambling code
HLS 1/2
HLS 3/4
CM Pattern Parameters
TGPL1
TGPL2
TGD
TGD
TGL1
TGSN
TGL2
TG Pattern 1
TG
Pattern 1
#1
TGCNF
59
TGL1
TGSN
TG Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 1
TG
Pattern 2
#2
#3
#4
TGL2
GapPositionSingleFrame
TG
Pattern 2
#TGPRC
transmission gap pattern sequence
TG
Transmission Gap
TGL
Transmission Gap Length (3,4,5,7,10,1
TGPL
Transmission Gap Pattern Length (1-144 Frames)
TGD
Transmission Gap st
TGSN
Transmission Gap Starting slot Number (1-14 SL)
TGPRC TG Pattern Repeat C
3G -> 2G Measurements
60
ISHO parameters
CPICH RSCP (Event
1F)
Thresholds:
HHoRscpThreshold
HHoRscpCancel
L3 filter:
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient
Timers:
HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
HHoRscpCancelTime
UE Tx Power (Event 6A)
Threshold:
GsmUETxPwrThrXX
L3 filter:
GsmUETxPwrFilterCoeff
Hysteresis margin:
GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst
Data rate threshold
CPICH Ec/Io (Event 1F)

Thresholds:
HHoEcNoThreshold
HHoEcNoCancel
L3 filter:
Done already for SHO
Timers:
HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
HHoEcNoCancelTime
DL DPCH power
Threshold:
GsmDLTxPwrThrXX
Data rate threshold
HHOMAxAllowedBitrateD
L
UL Quality
Timer:
ULQualDetRepThreshold
Data rate threshold
GSM measurement reporting

GsmMeasRepInterval
GsmNcellSearchPeriod
GsmMinMeasInterval
GsmMaxMeasPeriod
HHOMAxAllowedBitrateU
L
HHOMAxAllowedBitrateUL
Handover Triggering
(XX=AMR,CS,NrtPS,RtPS)
Decision Algorithm
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH
AdjgRxLevMinHO (n)
GsmMeasAveWindow
2G-to-3G
Handover Execution
back prevention
GsmMinHoInterval
61
ISHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message
Measurement Control is sent to UE containing details of the
measurement that the UE must execute. Measurement reporting is
periodical. Max 6 GSM cells could be measured by UE and reported to
RRC: Measurement
control message
RNC. No filtering in measurements
by UE
(GSM RSSI measurements)
RNC
UE
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a

sliding averaging window to the RXLEV measurements. The averaged
levels are used as input to the IS-HO decision algorithm.
UE
RNC
RRC: Measurement report
GsmMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s)
RRC: Measurement report
62
The first measurement report

has info from the best GSM cell:
BCCH freq & RSSI, no filtering
used in UE
RXLEV measurements are reported through
Measurement report messages
Measurement Control Parameters:

FMCG
GSMMeasRepInterval: 0.5 seconds
This is the interval between measurement reports, which are sent to
BTS
This parameter should be kept to 0.5 seconds. Increasing the reporting
interval would increase the IS-HO process delay.
GSMMinMeasInterval:10 s
This is Minimum Measurement Interval, wait time when the following
CM starts. In case of an unsuccessful IS-HO attempt, the network will
deactivate compressed mode for a time period given by this
parameter, thus better value will be 2 s to speed up the reactivation of
CM.
GSMMeasAveWindow: 6
This is Measurement Averaging Window size, sliding window is used
GSMMaxMeasPeriod: 20 reports
This is Maximum Measurement Period which determines the maximum
allowed duration of the inter-sytem measurement
If the RNC is not able to execute an inter-system handover, it shall
stop the inter-system measurements after the UE has sent the
predefined number of measurement reports to the RNC.
63
Measurement Control Parameters:

FMCG
Maximum allowed duration of the inter-system measurement is

calculated:
GSMMeasRepInterval * GSMMaxMeasPeriod (=0.5*20s) =10s,
This seems to be too long time, because based on field
measurements BSIC and RSSI delays are about 3 seconds, so it
makes senses to reduce the value of this parameter to some value
about 3 seconds, otherwise, if the BSIC or RSSI measurements fail or
if the IS-HO execution is not possible to due low GSM RSSI levels, the
network will not deactivate compressed mode until the timer of 10
seconds has expired. Thus, decreasing the parameter value will allow
the UE/network to initiate a new IS-HO attempt. Proposed value for
GSMMaxMeasPeriod is 6
GSMNcellSearchPeriod: 0
This is neighbour cell search period parameter, ISHO is not allowed
until the are enough measurement reports given by this parameter
O means that only 1 measurement result is enough for decision
making
Duration of the cell search period is calculated:
GSMRepInterval * GSMNcellSearchPeriod).
64
ISHO: BSIC Verification

After the selection of the target GSM cell, the RNC sends to UE the RRC
message "Measurement control which includes details to measure
BSIC .
UE stops RSSI measurements and updates the transmission gap pattern
to the pattern used for BSIC decoding. The measurement reports are sent
periodically to RNC.
If the UE is unable to decode the BSIC during the given period, the BSIC
measurement operation is aborted.
IS-HO
IS-HO trigger
WCDM
A
RRC: Measurement control message
(BSIC decoding)
RNC
65
Target Cell found
RSSI meas.
TRSSI depends on
command
BSIC verification
TBSIC depends on :
of GSM cells inTransmission gap pattern for

BSIC decoding
the
neighbour cell list
Reporting interval
Sliding averaging
window
Transmission gap
pattern for
RSSI measurements
Numbers
3G -> 2G Handover decision
66
Inter-RAT HO Decision
On this page, you find conditions, which have to be satisfied, before an interfrequency handover can be conducted. The best neighbouring cell must fulfil
following criterion (best according to Ec/No):
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n)
> GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0,
GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
where
AVE_RXLEV _Ncell(n) is the averaged GSM carrier RSSI value of the GSM
neighbour cell(n), averaging done directly from dBm values (no linear
averaging); GSMMeasAveWindow / 6, 132 meas report.
GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) determines the minimum Required RSSI (dBm) level of
the neighbour cell(n).
GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) indicated the maximum Tx power level (dBm) an UE
may use in GSM neighbour cell(n).
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
If several GSM cells fulfils the equation above, cells are ranked based on HOPG:
GSMncellPriorityCoverage/0, range 07
A cell is ranked higher than another cell if it has a higher priority level
even though its signal strength condition was worse
Inter-system HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from
67
CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004
the NOKIA
UE,/ OS-PS
to let
the UE report all the candidate inter-system cells in its
ISHO Decision
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_m

GSM cell
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n)
max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_m

68
Inter-System handovers - Multiservice

For UE with multi-service, 4 parameters are used:
FMCG: GsmHandoverAMR (Yes/No/Priority, def =yes)
FMCG: GsmHandoverCS (Yes/No/Priority, def=yes)
FMCG: GsmHandoverNrtPS (Yes/No, def=No)
FMCG: GsmHandoverRtPS (Yes/No/Priority, def=No)
If GsmHandover X = No (X=AMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS), HO is not allowed for
the corresponding type of service, whatever the value of the others
parameters
If GsmHandover X = yes (X=AMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS), HO is allowed for the
corresponding type of service. Handover must be allowed for each type
of service, before handover is allowed.
If GsmHandover X = Priority (X=AMR/CS), HO is allowed for the
corresponding type of service, whatever the value of the others
parameters.
If both voice and CS data are prioritised, priority is then based on
Allocation/retention priority parameter.
69
Inter-System handovers - Multiservice
Example: UE with voice and PS NRT services
GsmHandoverAMR
yes
GsmHandoverNrtPS
Yes
Yes
No
Priority
No
Yes/No
Yes
Priority
No
70
HO allowed
HO for voice and
PS Nrt allowed
No HO allowed
No HO allowed
HO for voice and
PS Nrt allowed
HO for voice only
3G -> 2G Handover signalling
71
RAN1/ph1.5
Handover Nokia WCDMA to GSM

NMS
Iu interface
(1)
(1)Handover
Handovertriggering
triggeringthresholds
thresholds
are
set
from
NMS
to
are set from NMS toRNC
RNC
Core
network
A interface
IS measurement
WCDMA 1
RAN
GSM
BSS
Compressed mode
(2)
(2)HO
HOtrigger
triggerfulfilled
fulfilledininRNC
RNC (4)
(4)UE
UEininCM
CM
(=load/service/coverage
reason)
neighbor
(=load/service/coverage reason)
neighborlist
list
CM
Any
Anypenalty
penaltytimer
timer(RAN2)
(RAN2)??
CMpattern
pattern
WCDMA
(3)
(3)RNC
RNCcommands
commandsselected
selectedUE(s)
UE(s)
to
start
IS-measurements
to start IS-measurements
72
NOKIA / OS-PS CE
(6)
(6)RNC
RNCselects
selectstarget
targetcell
cell
=>
IS-HO
command
to
=> IS-HO command toUE
UE
Service gap 80-100msGSM
(5)
(5)UE
UEreports
reports
(7)
(7)UE
UEwaits
waitsuntil
until
measurement
measurementresult
resultlast TTI with data
last TTI with data
back
backto
toRNC
RNC
Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004
(8)
(8)service
servicegap
gap
ISHO 3G->2G
Signalling
CS voice handover-RAN part
73
AMR Handover procedure overview

(1)
RRC connection setup
ISUP signalling
Parameters for HO event

trigger
e1e, e1f, e6a,e6b
74

(2)
ISUP signalling
Mobility management;
several AS cell add & cell drops
75

(3)
Mobility management;
several AS cell add & cell drops
Measurement report to
Compressed
trigger
CM Mode
Parameters
76

(4)
RNC sends updated GSM
NB
list
UE sends
inter RAT meas.
RNC commands UE to verify
Results
BSIC of
best reported
cell
Target
cell BSIC
RNC triggers HO to GSM
verified
target cell
Timing advance
information
UE ends HHO procedure
UE is handed over to
GSM
2G signalling
77
Physical Channel reconfiguration

RRC: Physical Channel reconfiguration
78
Measurement Control new RAT NB list

RRC: Measurement Control
[..]
new inter RAT NB list
79
Measurement info
UE Measurement Report
measurements
GSM cells-RSSI
RRC: Measurement Report
measured best cell by ARFCN

measured 2nd best cell by ARFCN
measured 3rd best cell by ARFCN
measured 4th best cell by ARFCN
80
Measurement Control
info
carrying target cell
RRC: Measurement Control
UE shall stop measuring RSSI of RAT NB list

and focus on best cells BSIC verification
81
UE Measurement Report target

cellBSIC verification
GSM
RRC: Measurement Report
UE reports verified BSIC of best cell to RN
82
Handover from UTRAN command

RRC: HO from UTRAN command
83
Handover command
GSM signalling
L3: Handover command
2G cell information (RF&configuratio
2G cell information (PC)
2G cell information (Security)

84
GSM signalling
L3: Physical Information
L3: Handover complete
Physical synchronisation Information
Handover complete message

85
ISHO 3G->2G
Signalling
CS voice handover-3G Core

part
86
ISHO Signalling on Iu-CS interface
RNC sends relocation request t
source = 3G cell
XX
target = 2G cell
XX
87
RNC -> MSC via MGW
ISHO Signalling on Iu-CS interface
MSC -> RNC via MGW
MSC -> RNC via MGW
RNC -> MSC via MGW

88
..Iu resources released, UE left 3G w
ISHO Signalling 3G>2G

PS Cell change order-RAN
part
If two GSM neighbours with

same ARFCN in
RRC: Measurement Control,
BSIC verification is performed
89
ISHO Signalling 3G>2G

PS Cell change order-3G
core part
90
ISHO L3 Signalling
3G->2G
Multi RAB
91
Service interruption during Inter-System

handover
(3G->GPRS)
The data interruption time is defined in this report as the total time that the data connection
(IP connection) is lost due to the switching from 3G to GPRS. The gap is defined as the time
that the Cell change order from UTRAN message is sent to UE until the first IP datagram (UL
or DL) is sent between UE and the GPRS network. The below dataflow, shows the more
relevant signalling for our interest.
MS
BSS
new SGSN
old SGSN
GGSN
new
MSC/VLR
HLR
old
MSC/VLR
1. Routeing Area Update Request

2. SGSN Context Request
3G data transmission
2. SGSN Context Response

3. Security Functions
4. SGSN Context Acknowledge
Cell change order from UTRAN (3G)

Channel required (RR)
Location update request (MM)
Location update accepted (MM)
Total
interruption time
P. channel required (RR)

Routing area update request (GMM)
Routing area up. Req Acc (GMM)
When network
mode is set to 1,
UE starts
combined
RUA/LUA
procedure, as
shown
in the right figure.
Thus data
interruption
should be smaller.
C1
5. Forward Packets
6. Update PDP Context Request
6. Update PDP Context Response
7. Update Location
8. Cancel Location
8. Cancel Location Ack
9. Insert Subscriber Data
9. Insert Subscriber Data Ack
10. Update Location Ack
11. Location Update Request
12a. Update Location
12b. Cancel Location
12c. Cancel Location Ack
12d. Insert Subscriber Data
Immmediate assignment (RR)

First IP datagram (GPRS)
GPRS data transmission
12e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack
This message is
sent
in FTP session but
not in streaming.
12f. Update Location Ack

13. Location Update Accept
C2
14. Routeing Area Update Accept
C3
15. Routeing Area Update Complete
16. TMSI Reallocation Complete
92
2G -> 3G Handover
93
ISHO L3 Signalling
2G->3G
Multi RAB RAN part
94
RAN1/ph1.5 and BSS
Load and Coverage Reason Handover

GSM high
loaded
Load
Loadreason
reason
handover
WCDMA
can
be
used
handoverfor
forspeech
speech
WCDMA
can
be
used
and
for
HSCSD
to
and for HSCSD
to relieve
relieve GSM
GSM overload
overload
WCDMA low
loaded
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
Load reason
handover
95
GSM
GSM can
can be
be used
used to
to extend
extend
WCDMA
WCDMA coverage
coverage area
area
Mobile moving
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
Coverage reason
handover
Load based handover GSM ->

WCDMA
BSS10
.5
Load of GSM cell

100%
Load reason
Speech
Speechto
toWCDMA
WCDMA
handovers only
onlywith
withhigh
highGSM
GSMload
load
for speech
80%
Packet
PacketData
Datato
toWCDMA
WCDMA
regardless
of
GSM
regardless of GSMload
load
More
More
capacity
capacityfor
for
speech
speech
Higher
Higherbit
bitrates
rates
for
fordata
datausers
users
Packet
PacketBCCH
BCCHparameters
parameterscan
canbe
beused
used
to
topush
pushGPRS
GPRSmobiles
mobilesto
toWCDMA
WCDMA
0%
96
Handover Process incl. RAN 1.5

Handover
HandoverTriggering
Thresholdsset
setin
inBSC
BSC
However in S10.5 MS is
measuring the UTRAN cells
continuously if they are
defined as a neighbour,
measurements are done
during
Latest
after idle
5 s periods
Inter-RAT
Inter-RATmeasurements
measurementswhen:
when:
The
TheRXLEV
RXLEVof
ofthe
theserving
servingcell
cellisisabove
aboveor
or
below
belowthe
thegiven
giventhreshold
threshold Qsearch_C
Qsearch_C
MS
MSreports
reportsbest
bestUTRAN
UTRANcell
cellbased
based
on
onmeasurement
measurementresults
results
(one WCDMA band)
Handover
HandoverDecision
Decisionisisdone
donein
incase
caseof
of
Load
Loadof
ofthe
theserving
servingcell
cell>
> Load_Threshold
Load_Threshold
and
andCPICH
CPICHEc/No>
Ec/No>min
min Ec/No
Ec/No Threshold
Threshold
Handover
Handovercommand
commandisissend
sendto
toMSC
MSC
97
ISHO and Cell Reselection in RAN1.5
The maximum number of reported cells is BSS10.5 is 6, the number of WCDMA

cells depends on the parameter FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING. Then the
number of GSM neighbour reported could be 3-6 depending on the set value of
parameter FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING. With Enhanced Measurement report (in
BSS11) the maximum number of reported cells is 12 adjacent cells in case MS
is reporting more than 6 neighbours !
In RAN1.5 the target WCDMA cell is identified by the MCC + MNC + LAC + RNC
+ Cell ID + SAC. Because the MCC + MNC are included, handover from the BSC
in the PLMN_1 to the RNC in the PLMN_2 is possible, i.e. an inter-PLMN
handover from GSM to WCDMA is supported.
Load threshold parameters are defined for
Speech Calls & Transparent Data
Non-Transparent Data
The load is measured in the cell level by comparing the occupied TCHs to the
available TCHs (20 s interval used)
Parameters & defaults
LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_SC_IS_HO (range 0-100% , default 80%)
LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_NON_TPC_IS_HO (range, 0-100% default 0%)
After a successful handover new handover for the same connection is not
allowed in 30 seconds. After an unsuccessful handover attempt it is not allowed
to initiate a new handover attempt to the same cell within time defined by the
parameter MIN_INTERVAL_BETWEEN_UNSUCC_ISHO_ATTEMPT.
The
Network Controlled Cell Re-Selection (NCCRS) is done from GPRS, to WCDMA
98
with Packet Cell Change Order message. For NCCRS load thresholds for
GSM ISHO in RAN1.5: Example

Handover example (speech/Transparent data) Load Threshold for Speech Calls inter-RAT Handover
LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_SC_IS_HO= 80%
Min Ec/No threshold for a handover to the UTRAN adjacent cell
MIN_ECNO_THRSHOLD = -15 dB
Qsearch_c = 15 (if Qsearch_c = 15, the mobile is not allowed
to measure UTRAN adjacent cells and therefore the BSS does
not send the Measurement Information message to the mobile
at all)
1 Load of the serving cell = 45% and the measured Ec/No = - 20

dB
--> Handover to the UTRAN not possible due to low load and
low Ec/No
2 Load of the serving cell = 45% and the measured Ec/No = - 10

dB
--> Handover to the UTRAN not possible due to low load
99
3 Load of the serving cell = 95% and the measured Ec/No = -10
Measurements Capabilities for Multi-Rat MSs

A multi-RAT MS is able to monitor 64 UTRAN cells, divided into (depending on
the MS capability):
FDD cells on up to 3 FDD frequencies, with a maximum of 32 cells per
frequency; and/or
TDD cells on up to 3 TDD frequencies with a maximum of 32 cells per
frequency, and/or
CDMA2000 cells. (TS 45.008 V5.8.0)
In case of a conflict with GSM tasks, the GSM tasks take precedence.
Measurement quantities in GSM for UTRAN FDD
For UTRAN FDD cells, the measurement quantities to be used are
CPICH Ec/No,
CPICH RSCP and
RSSI.
RSCP must be used for the cell re-selection ranking criteria. Ec/No is used for a
minimum quality requirement. On the BCCH, SACCH, PBCCH and/or PACCH, the
reporting quantity parameter for the FDD mode FDD_REP_QUANT is
transmitted. It informs the MS, whether the RSCP or the Ec/No is used for
measurement reporting. It is also possible to add a frequency in the neighbour
cell list,
a /scrambling
code. If this is the case, the Ms must
100
NOKIA / without
OS-PS CE Nokiaadding
Expert Club ISHO
18.10.2004
report the RSSI for this UTRA carrier band. (The measured value will then
Handover Measurement
The Network controls the identification and the measurements of cells, which
belong to other radio access technologies, by the parameter Qsearch_C. This
parameter is sent on the SACCH. If this parameter is not made available there,
the MS uses the parameter Qsearch_C_Initial, which is sent on the BCCH. The
parameter Qsearch_C has the same meaning as the parameter Qsearch_I. The
MS can use search frames, which are required for BSIC decoding, to perform
the required measurements. The parameter 3G_SEARCH_PRIO indicates to the
MS, whether is can use up to 25 search frames per 13 seconds without BSIC
decoding in these frames.
At latest 5 seconds after it had been activated, The MS must report the best
UTRAN cell. The time only holds, when no new GSM cell is activated at the
same time, and there are good radio conditions. The allowed reporting time
increases by 5 seconds for each additional UTRAN carrier band.
Then the MS has only a signalling connection on a SDCCH, the MS can use all
TDMA frames for measurements, which are not allocated or used for GSM signal
strength measurements. The MS then must report the best UTRAN cell within
1.7 seconds, given the same assumptions as above.
Handover Parameters:
Qsearch_C_Initial identifies the Qsearch value to be used in connected mode
before Qsearch_C is received. 0 = use Qsearch_I, 1 = always. Default value =
use Qsearch_I.
101
Qsearch_C specifies the signal threshold to search for 3G cells (see Qsearch_I).
Load based Handover Process: GSM->

WCDMA
Parameters are sent from the BSC to

Handover
HandoverTriggering
Thresholdsset
setin
inBSC
BSC
the mobile
in the Measurement Information
In the S10.5 MS is measuring the UTRAN c
message
Inter-RAT
Inter-RATmeasurements
measurementsstarts
startsin
incase
case continuously if they are defined as a neigh
The
TheRXLEV
RXLEVof
ofthe
theserving
servingcell
cellisisabove
aboveor
or
below
belowthe
thegiven
giventhreshold
thresholdQsearch_C
Qsearch_C The number of GSM neighbour reported c
depending on the set value of parameter
FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORT (0,1,2=def,3)
Handover
HandoverDecision
Decisionisisdone
donein
incase
caseof
of The load is measured in the cell
Load
Loadof
ofthe
theserving
servingcell
cell>
>Load_Threshold
Load_Threshold
level by comparing the occupied
and
TCHs to the available TCHs (20 s
andCPICH
CPICHEc/No>
Ec/No>min
minEc/No
Ec/NoThreshold
Threshold
interval used)
MS
MSselects
selectsthe
thetarget
targetUTRAN
UTRANcell
cellbased
basedLoad Threshold for Speech Calls or
on
measurement
results
on measurement results
Transparent Data inter-RAT
Handover:
utranHoThScTpdc (Min Traffic
Handover
Handovercommand
commandisissend
sendto
toMSC
MSC Load TDHO), default = 80%
minEcnoThreshold (Min CPICH
102
EC/NO Threshold), default 15
2G -> 3G packet cell reselection (1)

GPRS traffic
UE reads 3G BCCH info

& reselects to 3G
103

3G access
CS NAS signalling
PS NAS signalling
MM security
CS NAS signalling com
GMM security
GMM security
RAN radio resources
PS NAS signalling comp
RAN radio resources
104
PDP context release req
PS detach request
RAN radio resources re
105
2G -> 3G packet cell reselection
details
Routing area update accept
RRC connection setup request cause
106
New LAC / RAC
Service interruption during inter-system handover

(GPRS->3G):
The below diagram describes the signalling during the inter-system
handover process and the delays that were measured. Only the most
relevant messages are shown in the signalling:
GPRS data transmission
Delay (seconds)
Last IP (GPRS)
RRC: RRC connection request
Location update request
MM: Routing area update request (3G)
Total delay
Location update accepted

MM: Routing area update accepted (3G)
Radio bearer reconf/accepted
First IP datagram (3G)
3G data transmission
107
~0.3
0.6
0.3
0.8
1.8
Streaming=0.9
Web/FTP=2.6
Streaming=1,
Web/FTP =1.6
RAN 04 feature
IMSI based handover
108
IMSI Based Handover Solution

Overview
IMSI based handover is feature candidate in RAN04.
The purpose of the IMSI specific handover feature is that a

mobile subscriber in a visited network can be commanded to
measure selectively only specified PLMN cells and to make
handover accordingly to those specified (home or authorised)
PLMNs. The input for the selective measurement control is
the PLMN id that is included in the IMSI of the subscriber.
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
PLMN id
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber
Identity
MCC Mobile Country Code
MNC Mobile Network Code
MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification
Number
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
109
IMSI Based Handover Example

Cases
IMSI-based handover can be used in different network sharing
cases
case 1: geographical sharing
case 2: common shared RAN with gateway core
case 3: mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)
Based on IMSI, users of each operator can be handed over to
their home or authorised WCDMA network from the shared
area, when coverage becomes available (cases 1 and 2)
Based on IMSI, inter-system handovers (coverage/quality, load
and service based handovers) to the users home or authorised
GSM network can be performed in the shared area (all cases)
IMSI-based handovers from
the shared area:
- inter-frequency HO to
home or authorised
WCDMA cell
- inter-system HO to home
or authorised GSM
network
110
Different
neighbour cell
definitions in
RNC for
different IMSI
ranges
Case 1: IMSI Based Handover and

Geographical Sharing
Separate neighbour lists for different IMSI ranges (different PLMN
users)
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI,
Based on IMSI,
operator B user
operator A user is
Based on IMSI, load
is handed over to
handed over to its
and service-based
its own WCDMA
own WCDMA
inter-system HOs to
network when
network when
their own GSM
coverage
coverage
becomes
network in shared
becomes
available
area
available
Operator A GSM cell
Operator A own WCDMA
cell
Operator
A controlled
shared
WCDMA
Operatorcell
A user path
111
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI,
users are handed
over to their own
GSM networks
when WCDMA
coverage ends
Operator B GSM cell

Operator B own WCDMA
cell
Operator B controlled shared
WCDMA cell
Operator B user path

Common Shared RAN
users) GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
Based on IMSI,
operator B user
is handed over to
its own WCDMA
network when
coverage
becomes
available
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI, load

and service-based
inter-system HOs to
their own GSM
network in shared
area
Based on IMSI,
operator A user is
handed over to its
own WCDMA
network when
coverage becomes
available
GSM
Based on IMSI,
users are handed
over to their own
GSM networks
when WCDMA
coverage ends
Operator A GSM cell
Operator B GSM cell
Operator A own WCDMA

cell
Operator A user path
Operator B own WCDMA

cell
Common shared WCDMA

cell
112
GSM

Mobile Virtual Network Operator
users)
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI, load

and service-based
inter-system HOs to
their own GSM
network in shared
area
113
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI,
users are handed
over to their own
GSM networks
when WCDMA
coverage ends
Operator A GSM cell
Operator B GSM cell
Operator A controlled
WCDMA cell
Operator A user path
IFHO / ISHO Measurements

The measurement control parameters IMSIbasedIFHO and
IMSIbasedGsmHo indicate whether the IMSI based interfrequency and inter-RAT (GSM) handovers are enabled in the
cell
When the IMSI based inter-frequency and/or inter-RAT
handover is enabled, the RNC shall select only those
neighbouring cells into the inter-frequency or inter-RAT (GSM)
neighbour cell list whose PLMN identifier is included in the
list of authorised PLMNs or which have the same PLMN
identifier as the subscriber
The PLMN Id of an inter-frequency neighbour cell is controlled
by the parameters AdjiMCC and AdjiMNC, and the PLMN
identifier of a GSM neighbour cell is controlled by the
parameters AdjgMCC and AdjgMNC
114
Structure of the Authorised PLMN

lists
A list of authorised PLMNs shall contain the maximum of ten PLMN
identifiers
The radio network
PLMN lists
List #
PLMN
#0
1
PLMN
#1
1
PLMN
#2
5
#9
All
database shall have ten separate authorised

Authorised PLMNs (max. 10)
PLMN PLMN PLMN
2
3
4
PLMN
3
PLMN
PLMN
6
7
PLMN1
0
'All' in the list #9 indicates that all PLMNs are considered authorised PLMNs
(RNC shall combine the neighbour cell list for the inter-frequency or inter-RAT
(GSM) measurement from all neighbouring cells regardless of their PLMN
identifiers)
It is not necessary to add the home PLMN Id of the subscriber to the list of
authorised PLMNs
115
Selecting the List of Authorised

PLMNs
The RNC shall select the desired list of authorised PLMNs for the selective measurement
control on the basis of the PLMN Id that is included in the IMSI of the subscriber
The RNC links the PLMN id of the subscriber with the desired list of authorised PLMNs by
means of an index table
PLMN 123
45
PLMN id
List #
123 12
123 34
123 45
Authorised PLMN list

#2
127
If the PLMN identifier of the subscriber does not match with the PLMN
identifiers in the index table, the RNC shall select the list #9 of
authorised PLMNs for the measurement control
116
Intra-Frequency Measurements
IMSI based handover does not have an effect on the sending
of intra-frequency neighbour cell lists on the DCCH
The RNC shall not select the neighbouring cells for the
intra-frequency measurement on the basis of the PLMN of
the subscriber or neighbouring cell.
The measurement control parameter IMSIbasedSHO indicates
whether the IMSI based intra-frequency handover is enabled
in the cell
When the IMSI based intra-frequency handover is enabled in
the cell, the PLMN identifier of the monitored cell (that has
triggered the reporting event 1A or 1C) must be part of the
list of authorised PLMNs or it must have the same PLMN Id as
the subscriber or an active set cell before the RNC may add
the monitored cell into the active set
117
Thank you !
118

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2G <-> 3G inter-working

NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004