PHYSICS

PROJECT

Submitted BY:
Marwan K.M
Mohammed Asim
A.K
Jazl Ali C.H
CLASS:
XII-B

TO STUDY
THE EFFECT
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON MAGNETIC
STRENGTH

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to the Principal,Mr. Joshi P.T ,
Kailasanadha VidhyaNikethan for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he
provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
his fold for which I shall remain indebted to
him. I extend my hearty thanks to Mr Ritto
Anto , Physics teacher,who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement , immense motivation , which
has sustained my efforts at all the stages of
this
project work
I cant forgot to offer my sincere thanks to
Mr.Movin , lab assistant and also to my
classmates who helped me to carry out this
project work successful and for their valuable
advice and support , which I received from
them time to time.

-: CONTENTS :1-- Introduction

2-- Objective
3-- Material required
4-- Theory
5-- Procedure
6-- Observation
7-- Conclusion
8-- Bibliography

OBJECTIVE
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS TO
DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
THE STRENGTH OF A MAGNET.

HYPOTHESIS
It is believed that the colder the magnet, the
stronger the magnetic force. Graphically, the results
will resemble an exponential curve, with magnetic
force decreasing as temperature increases. Our
independent variable is temperature. Our dependent
variable is magnetism; this will be calculated using
the amount of paperclips that the magnet is able to
collect at each measured temperature

MATERIAL REQUIRED

Safety glasses
3-4 permanent bar magnets
Tongs for magnet
Ice
Water
Insulating container
Three strong bowls
Small pot
Burner for heating water or oven
Paper clips(1000)

INTRODUCTI
ON

Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example,

magnets are used in manufacturing, entertainment, security,
and they play a crucial role in the functioning of computers.
Even the earth itself is a magnet.
A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic
field . Some magnets, referred to as permanent, hold their
magnetism without an external electric current. A magnet of
this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metal
containing iron to a number of situations (i.e. repeatedly
jarring the metal, heating to high temperature). Soft magnets,
on the other hand, are those that lose their magnetic charge
properties over time. Additionally, paramagnetic objects are
those that can become magnetic only when in the presence of
an external magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which
magnetic force is exerted. The motion of negatively charged
electrons in the magnet determines not only the polarity, but
also the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet).
Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force . These
lines originate at the north pole of the magnet and continue to
the south pole. The north pole is positive. Magnetic lines of
force do not intersect one another.
Magnetism is created by the alignment of small
domains within a specific set of metal. These domains
function as all atoms do, thus the temperature affects the
movement. The higher the heat, the greater the energy, and
as such the movement of the particles. In contrast, cold
temperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strength
and Low Temperatures). Slower movement leads to more fixed
directions in terms of the domains.
In the 1800s, Pier4re Curie discovered that there exists
a temperature at which objects that were previously
permanently magnetic lose this characteristic . The
temperature at which this demagnetization occurs is called the
Curie point. As the temperature of the magnet approaches

THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic
field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for
the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls
on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and
attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material
that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic
field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used
to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be
magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly
attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or
ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some
alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring
minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and
ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a
magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered
magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a
magnetic field, by one of several other types of
magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically
"soft" materials like annealed iron, which can be
magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and
magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent
magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials
such as alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special
processing in a powerful magnetic field during
manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline
structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To
demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field
must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity
of the respective material. "Hard" materials have high
coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity.

PROCEDURE
Cold Process
1.
2.
3.
4.

Place paperclips in bowl.

Situate scale near bowl.
Weigh magnet and record.
Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to
lowest
temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the
temperature
of the freezer.
6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.
7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on
scale.
9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.
10.Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the
magnet and the paperclips combined.
11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
12.Set freezer to 5-Celsius degrees higher than previous
temperature.
(Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature read
by freezer thermometer)
13.Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet have reached
zero degrees
Celsius.

Hot Process
1. Place paperclips in the bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature
possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to

reach the
temperature of the oven.
6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and
place on scale.
8. Record temperature of magnet and grams
attracted.
9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the
weight of the
magnet and the paperclips combined.
10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.
12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room
temperature.

OBSERVATION
MAGNETS UNDER
EXTREME HEAT
Time after removal from
oven
(minutes)
0

Weight attracted
(in grams)
200

200

10

240

20

210

25

230

30

220

35

206

40

204

45

200

50

185

MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME

COLD
Temperature
(degree celsius)

Weight attracted
(in grams)

-21.3

275

-19.4

275

-18.1

265

-15.3

270

-13.7

260

-6.7

245

-4.6

220

-1.7

200

225

conclusion
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between
temperature and
magnetic domains (the atoms inclination
to spin in a certain direction). When
exposed to extreme
temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized; magnetic
properties are then affected. While cold strengthens magnets,
heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other
words, too much heat can completely ruin a magnet.
Excessive heat causes atoms to move more rapidly, disturbing
the magnetic domains. As the atoms are sped up, the
percentage of magnetic domains spinning in the same direction
decreases. This lack of cohesion weakens the magnetic force
and eventually demagnetizes it entirely.
In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, the
atoms slow down so the magnetic domains are aligned and,
in turn, strengthened.
Ferromagnetism
The way in which specific materials form permanent magnets
or interact strongly with magnets. Most everyday magnets
are a product of ferromagnetism.
Paramagnetism
A type of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an
external magnetic field. They are attracted to magnetic
fields, but they are not magnetized when the external field is
removed. That's because the atoms spin in random
directions; the spins arent aligned, and the total
magnetization is zero.
Aluminum and oxygen are two examples of materials that are
paramagnetic at room temperature.
Curie Temperature
Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie
Temperature is the temperature at which no magnetic
domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to
maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Even if you
cool the magnet, once it has become demagnetized, it will

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.icbse.com
www.sciencebuddies.com
www.technopedia.com
www.wikipedia.com
NCERT Physics book
www.howmagnetswork.com