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system because
1- it is the major cost equipment
2- it has a great influence on
-energy consumption
-Reliability
-Serviceability of the system
Types of compressors
compressors are categorized by:
The seal type
Hermetic Compressor
hermetic compressors will have direct connection to the
Reciprocating
Compressor Types
Compressors can be classified into
1. Positive displacement type
-Reciprocating
-Rotary
-Screw
-Scroll
2. Roto-dynamic type
-Centrifugal
-Axial
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reciprocating compressor
Reciprocating Compressor
The reciprocating compressors comprise of the piston and
Scroll Compressor
The scroll compressor comprises of two interleaved
Scroll Compressor
Scroll Compressor
screw compressors:
The rotary screw compressors can be either twin-screw
Screw Compressor
As it is a positive displacement machine, high pressure
Centrifugal compressors
The fluid is drawn in by the impeller near its axis and
Evaporators
The evaporator is an equipment of the refrigeration system
Finned Evaporators
the bare tube evaporators fitted with the fins, called as
finned evaporators
The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or
steel pipes. The copper tubing is used for small evaporators
where the refrigerant other than ammonia is used, while
the steel pipes are used with the large evaporators where
ammonia is used as the refrigerant.
The fins on the external surface of the bare tube
evaporators increases the contact surface of the of the
metallic tubing with the fluid and increase the heat transfer
rate
Finned Evaporator
The finned evaporators are most commonly used in the air
Finned evaporator
tube side and the fluid to be chilled flows along the shell
side.
The flow of the refrigerant to these chillers is controlled by
the expansion valve
Flooded Chiller
In case of the flooded type of evaporators the refrigerant
flows along the shell side and fluid to be chilled flows along
the tube.
In these chillers the level of the refrigerant is kept constant
by the float valve that acts as the expansion valve also.
Condenser
In condensers the refrigerant gives up the heat that
refrigerators, deep freezers, water coolers, window airconditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged airconditioners etc
These are used in plants where the cooling load is small and the
Air cooled condensers are also called coil condensers as they are
in natural a way.
In the forced air type, a fan operated by a motor
tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type and shell and
tube type.
Double Pipe HX
Evaporative condensers
Evaporative condensers are usually used in ice plants.
In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through
the coils.
Water is sprayed over these coils. At the same time the
fan draws air from the bottom side of the condenser
and discharges it from the top side of the condenser.
The spray water that comes in contact with the
condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs
the heat from the condenser, cools the refrigerant and
condenses it.
Evaporative Condenser
keeping the evaporative condenser clean and free of scale is
Compressor
Condenser
Direction of Refrigerant
Flow
Evaporator
Metering device
the evaporator and absorbs heat from the substance or the space to be
cooled.
Meters the correct amount of refrigerant to the evaporator
Installed in the liquid line at the inlet of the
evaporator
Throttling devices
Common devices:
1. fixed bore (capillary tube)
2. thermostatic expansion valve,
3. Automatic expansion valve,
Less common devices:
1. High-side float,
2. low-side float
Capillary tube
Capillary tube is one of the most commonly used throttling
diameter.
It is of very long length and it is coiled to several turns so
Capillary tube
Capillary tube
Capillary tubing is used for small refrigerating and air-
TXV/TEV
TEV
Thermostatic expansion valve or TEV is one of the most
TEV
the thermostatic expansion valve is used in the systems of
higher capacities.
It is commonly used in the industrial refrigeration plants,
high capacity split air conditioners, packaged air
conditioners, central air conditioners and many other
systems
The thermostatic expansion valve has a constriction or
orifice due to which the pressure of the refrigerant passing
through it drops down suddenly to the level of the
evaporator pressure.
Due this the temperature of the refrigerant also drops down
suddenly and it produces cooling effect inside the
evaporator.
30F
26.1 psig
Spring pressure = ?
Evaporator pressure 18.4 psig
R-134a
bulb
evaporator
TEV
Maintains a constant evaporator superheat
As the load drops the AEV will begin to open and allow
Spring pressure
Spring
Diaphragm
Evaporator pressure
refrigerant.
Float Valve
The float valve is used as the throttling device in the
Cascade system
each cascade uses a different refrigerant, it is
Cascade Systems
In a cascade system a series of refrigerants with
individual cycles
They are thermally coupled in the cascade condenser.
The refrigerants selected should have suitable pressuretemperature characteristics.
An example of refrigerant combination is the use of carbon
dioxide (NBP = -78.4 oC, Tcr= 31.06 oC) in low temperature
cascade
and ammonia (NBP = -33.33oC, Tcr= 132.25 oC) in high
temperature cascade
Sealing of compressors:
There are three types of air conditioner compressors
hermetic construction.
Scroll Compressor
The scroll compressor comprises of two interleaved