MASC 313: Materials

Science
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science & Engineering

You will learn about:

material structures

how structure dictates properties

how processing can change structure

This course will help you to:

use materials properly

realize new design opportunities

with materials
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Materials Science and

Engineering

It all about the raw materials and how they

are processed

That is why we call it materials

ENGINEERING

Minor differences in Raw materials or

processing parameters can mean major
changes in the performance of the final
material or product

Our Text:

Material Science and Engineering

An Introduction
by William D. Callister, Jr
Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Materials Science and

Engineering

Materials Science

The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist

between the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering

The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of

a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
based on established structure-property correlation.

Materials Science and

Engineering

Four Major Components of Material Science

and Engineering:
Structure of Materials
Properties of Materials
Processing of Materials
Performance of Materials

Why should we know about it?

All fields make use of materials

Materials drive our society

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?
Nano age?
8

And Remember: Materials

Drive our Society!

Ages of Man we survive based on the

materials we control
Stone Age

naturally occurring materials

Special rocks, skins, wood

Bronze Age

Casting and forging

Iron Age
High Temperature furnaces

And Remember: Materials

Drive our Society!
Steel Age

High Strength Alloys

Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age

Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys)

aerospace
Silicon Information
Plastics and Composites food preservation, housing,
aerospace and higher speeds

Exotic Materials Age?

Nano-Material and bio-Materials they are coming and

then

Doing Materials!

Engineered Materials are a function of:

Raw Materials Elemental Control
Processing History

* Economic and Environmental Factors often are

the most important when making the final
decision!

Doing Materials!

Our Role in Engineering Materials then is to

understand the application and specify the
appropriate material to do the job as a function
of:

Strength: yield and ultimate

Ductility, flexibility
Weight/density
Working Environment
Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact*
* Economic and Environmental Factors often are
the most important when making the final
decision!

Example of Materials
Engineering Work Hip Implant

With age or certain illnesses joints

deteriorate. Particularly those with large
loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

Example Hip Implant

Requirements
mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
good lubricity
biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister

7e.

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister

7e.

Solution Hip Implant

Acetabular
Cup and
Liner

Key Problems to
overcome:
fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
cup lubrication
material
femoral stem fixing
agent (glue)
must avoid any debris
in cup
Must hold up in body
chemistry
Must be strong yet
flexible

Ball

Femor
al
Stem

TYPES OF MATERIALS

List the Major Types of MATERIALS That

You Know:

METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
ADVANCED MATERIALS

TYPES OF MATERIALS

Metals

Steel, Cast Iron,

Aluminum, Copper,
Titanium, many
others

Ceramics

Glass, Concrete,
Brick, Alumina,
Zirconia, SiN, SiC

Polymers

Plastics, Wood, Cotton

(rayon, nylon), glue

Composites

Glass Fiber-reinforced
polymers, Carbon
Fiber-reinforced
polymers, Metal
Matrix Composites,
etc.

Obviious description about these

fundamental Materials

Metals:
Strong, ductile
high thermal & electrical conductivity
opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of

es
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) compounds of

metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides,
nitrides, sulfides)
Brittle, glassy, elastic
non-conducting (insulators)

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

But:
Hardness (BHN) , Steel

Properties depend on Structure

(strength or hardness)

(d)

600
500
400

(c)
(a)

(b)
4 m

300
200

30 m

100
0.01 0.1

And

30 m

30 m

1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure!

(see above structure vs Cooling
Rate)

Another Example: Rolling of

Steel

At h1, L1

low UTS
low YS
high ductility
round grains

At h2, L2

high UTS
high YS
low ductility
elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but

Processing determines Structure!

Optical Properties of Ceramic are

controlled by Grain Structure

Grain Structure is a function of Solidification

processing!

Electrical Properties (of

Copper):
6

(10-8 Ohm-m)

Resistivity,

5
4

Electrical Resistivity of
Copper is affected by:

Contaminate level

Degree of
deformation

Operating
temperature

-200

-100

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.

(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)

T
(C)

THERMAL Properties
Space Shuttle Tiles:

Thermal Conductivity

--Silica fiber insulation

offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)

of Copper: --It decreases when

you add zinc!

100 m

Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
is on CD-ROM.)

400
300
200
100
0

0
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.

(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.)

MAGNETIC Properties
--Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.

vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes
Fe a better recording medium!
Magnetization

Magnetic Storage:

Magnetic Permeability

Fe+3%Si
Fe

Magnetic Field
Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

DETERIORATIVE Properties
Stress & Saltwater...

crack speed in salt water!

10-8
crack speed (m/s)

--causes cracks!

Heat treatment: slows

as-is
held at
160C for 1 hr
before testing

10-10

Alloy 7178 tested in

saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C

increasing load

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source:
Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

--material:
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister 7e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)

7150-T651 Al
"alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

4 m

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)

Course Goal is to make you aware of the importance of Material

Selection by:

Using the right material for the job.

one that is most economical and

Greenest when life usage is considered
Understanding the relation between

properties, structure, and processing.

Recognizing new design opportunities offere

by materials selection.