ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES

DR. I.P.S. AHUJA

PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA

DEVELOPMENT
Development is a graphical method of obtaining the surface area of a solid.
When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the surface of
the solid is said to be developed.
The figure thus obtained is called a development of the surfaces of the solid or simply
development. Development of the solid, when folded or rolled, gives the solid.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
The following two methods are mainly employed to obtain the development of
surfaces of solids:
1. PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of
PRISMS AND CYLINDERS. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from
the two ends of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines.
2. RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of
PYRAMIDS AND CONES. An arc of radius equal to the slant edge/generator is drawn
and the lateral faces/curved face are marked properly inside the arc.

DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF DIFFERENT SOLIDS

(LATERAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING TOP & BASE)
A Rectangle

Cone: (Sector of circle)

Pyramids: (No.of triangles)

Cylinder:

H= Height D= base diameter

PARALLEL
LINE
Prisms:
No.of Rectangles
DEVELOPMENT

L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base

R=Base circle radius.

L=Slant height.
R 3600

L
H

H= Height

S = Edge of base

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

Cube: Six Squares.

All sides
equal in length

RADIAL
LINE
DEVELOPMENT

PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Fig. (a) shows the FV of a cube of side 50 mm. Develop all the faces of the cube.

PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT

A cylinder of diameter 50 and height 60mm cut by an AIP inclined at 45 o to HP,
passing through left top corner of cylinder. Draw the development of truncated
cylinder.

11
12

9
8

6
3

DEVELOPMENT
A hexagonal prism, side of base 20mm and axis 50mm, rests with its base on HP
such that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 45o to HP and passing through right corner of the
1
6 the truncated
2 and develop
3
4 lateral 5surface of
20
1
prism.
Draw
the
sectional
top
view,
the
1 2, 4 o 3, 54
prism.
14
14

13

13
1
5

12
1
6

11
45o
a b, f
X
f, 6

a, 1

b, 2

15

16

12

11

11
o1c, e d
Y
e, 5

o, o1
20

d, 4

c, 3

RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Figure a) shows the TV and FV of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and slant height 75
mm. Draw the development of its curved surface.
When the curved surface
of a cone is opened and
laid on a plane, it shows
the shape of a sector.
The included angle of
the sector depends on
the slant height, L and
the radius of the base of
the cone, r.
The radius of the
sector will be equal to
the slant height of the
cone. The length of
the arc will be equal
to the circumference
of the base of the
cone, i.e., 2r.

L= Slant Height

L = 2r.
= 2( r/ L)
(in degree) =
360( r/ L)

DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF DIFFERENT SOLIDS

(LATERAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING TOP & BASE)

DEVELOPMENT OF FRUSTUM OF CONE

L
L1

R 3600
L

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant height of cut part.

FRUSTUMS

RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Figure a) shows the TV and FV of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and slant height 65
mm. Draw the development of its curved surface.

Approximate Method
Development

DEVELOPMENT OF TRUNCATED SOLIDS

A cone of base diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm is kept on the ground on its base.
An AIP inclined at 30 to the HP cuts the cone through the midpoint of its axis. Draw
the development of truncated cone.

DEVELOPMENT

Draw the lateral

surface of funnel as
shown in figure.

2
1

44
24

12 11 10 9

10
11
1

12

7
6

5
4

1 2

6
4

2 1

7
6

7
8
9
10

4O
3

4
5

5
7

9
10

11
11

12

1
1

12
1

RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Draw the lateral development of a pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 mm and
height 60 mm lying with its base on the HP. One of the edges of its base is parallel to
the VP.

DEVELOPMENT
A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30mm and height 52mm, stands with its base on
HP and an edge of the base parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP,
inclined at 40o to HP and passing through a point on the axis, 32mm above its base.
o
Draw sectional
top view, and develop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
52

32

d d
1
e
e
1
c
c
o
1
a 40
a1
b
b1

TL
2
X

1 o1 3 5 4
5
1

41

R = O41 = TL

B
Y
1

1
41

o, o1
4
3

2
3

DEVELOPMENT
A square pyramid, base 48x32mm and height 62mm, rests on its base on HP in
such a way that its longer edge is parallel to VP. A cutting plane perpendicular
to VP and inclined at 30o to HP bisects the axis of the solid. Draw sectional top
view, and odevelop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
31

2, 1
b, a
X
a

O
3, 4 31, 41
30o
21, 11
o1

d d1

TL

4
o, o1

c, d

R = od1 = TL

2
A

d1

3
c

B
C

DEVELOPMENT
A Cone base 54mm diameter and height 72mm, rests with its base on HP. A
sectional plane perpendicular to HP, inclined at 25 o to VP cuts the cone at a
distance of 15 mm from the axis. Draw sectional front view, and develop the
lateral surface
of the remaining portion of the cone.
o

72

e1

TL
X

c1
d1
b1

o1
4
10
10

1 f 3
2 11

12 11

12

99

e
f

a7
6

5
4

R = O7 = TL
D

o, o1

Sectional Front View

25o

3
4

11
8

10

12

DEVELOPMENT
Draw the development of lateral
surface of the truncated square
prism as shown in the figure.

DEVELOPMENT
Draw the development of lateral surface of the truncated cylinder as shown in
the figure.

DEVELOPMENT
Draw the development of lateral surface of the truncated cylinder as shown in
the figure.

END OF PRESENTATION