Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EFFECT
EVAPORATOR
Ambal. Shaira B.
Mallari, Donna Joy R.
Mauhay, Romariz
Morquianos, Almira Belle
Nopre, Frederick
Group III
ChE-5102
Outline
Introduction
Multiple Effect Evaporator
Working Principle
Uses
Advantages and Disadvantages
Methods of Feeding
Forward Feed
Backward Feed
Mixed Feed
Parallel Feed
Introduction
Evaporation is a unit operation that
consists of the elimination of water of
a fluid food by means of vaporization or
boiling.
Evaporator
Evaporators are used to separate materials
based on differences in their boiling
temperatures.
An evaporator is essentially a heat
exchanger in which a liquid is boiled to give
a vapour, which also acts as a low pressure
steam generator.
An evaporator is hence treated as a low
pressure boiler, and the steam thus
produced is used for further heating in
another following evaporator called another
effect.
Evaporator
Vapor out
Feed in
Vapor
Separat
or
Steam in
(Saturated
vapor)
Heat
Exchanger
Condensate
out
(Saturated
Liquid)
Product
out
MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
A multiple-effect evaporator
is an apparatus for efficiently
using the heat from steam to
evaporate water. In a multipleeffect
evaporator,
water
is
boiled in a sequence of
vessels, each held at a lower
pressure than the last.
The multiple-effect
evaporator was invented
by the African-American
engineer Norbert
Rillieux.
MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
Equipment in which steam
from an outside source is
condensed in the heating
element of first effect. The
boiling temperature at which
the first effect operates is high
enough so that the evaporated
water can serve as the heating
medium for second effect. The
vapors so formed are then sent
to a condenser if it is a double
effect evaporator
Working Principle
Water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each
held at a lower pressure than the last.
Connections are made so that the vapor from
one effect serves as the heating medium for
the next.
The first effect of a multiple-effect evaporator
is the effect to which the raw steam is fed
and in which the pressure in the vapor space
is the highest.
Generally the first vessel (at the highest
pressure) requires an external source of heat
Working Principle
Because the boiling point of water
decreases as pressure decreases, the
vapour boiled off in one vessel can
be used to heat the next.
The last effect is that in which the
vapor-space pressure is minimum.
The pressure in each effect is lower
than that of the effect to which it
supplies vapor.
Working Principle
Each effect acts as a single effect
evaporator, and each has a
temperature drop across its heating
surface corresponding to the
pressure drop in that effect.
The numbering of the effects is
independent of the order in which
the liquor is fed to them, they are
always numbered in the direction of
decreasing pressure.
METHODS OF FEEDING
A. FORWARD FEED
B. BACKWARD FEED
C. MIXED FEED
D. PARALLEL EFFECT
ANALYSIS
If the heating load and the heat of dilution are neglected,
the capacity of an evaporator is directly proportional to the
rate of heat transfer.
In three effects,
q1 = A1U1T1
q12 = A2U2T2
q3 = A3U3T3
Therefore,
qT = AUT
which is exactly the same equation as that for the multipleeffect evaporator. No matter how many effects are used,
provided that overall coefficients are the same, the capacity
will be no greater than that of a single effect having an area
equal to that of each effect in the multiple unit.
BPE tends to make the capacity of a multiple-effect
evaporator less than that of the corresponding single-effect
while changes in overall coefficients in the multiple-effect
evaporator offsets this.
For a triple-effect, U in the third effect = U in a singleeffect evaporator. But in the other effects, where
concentration of solution is lower, the coefficients would be
greater. Thus Uave for the triple-effect evaporator would be
greater than that for a single effect.
In this case, the capacity of a multiple-effect unit is
actually greater than that of a single-effect.
The economy of a multiple-effect evaporator depends on
heat-balance considerations and not on the rate of heat
transfer. The optimum number of effects must be found from
an economic balance between the savings in steam obtained
by multiple-effect operation and the added investment
required.
M U LT I P L E E F F E C T E V A P O R AT O R S
EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION
quipment description
(1) Thermal recompression unit, (2) Steam for heating (3) Feed in
(4) Calandria (5) Feed out(6) Vapor Separator (7) Pre-heater(8)
Condenser (9) Cooling water in, (10) Cooling water return
Calandria evaporator
TheCalandria
Evaporatorhas a heat
exchanger (with tubes
usually less than six
feet long) integral with
the vapour body.
Calandria evaporator
The level is maintained in
the upper portion of the
tubes and the circulation
pattern is up through the
tubes and down through a
central pipe called a
"downcomer".
Circulation is created by the
difference in specific gravity
between the body liquor and
the heated liquor and vapor
generated inside the tubes,
plus a vapour lift effect.
apour-liquid separator
Gravity causes
the liquid to settle to
the bottom of the
vessel.
The vapour travels
upward at a design
velocity which
minimizes
theentrainment of any
liquid droplets in the
vapour as it exits the
e-heater
Pre-heater
is
a device for
preliminary heating of
a material,
substance, or fluid
that will undergo
further use or
treatment by heating.
Condenser
MULTIPLE-EFFECT CALCULATIONS
For triple-effect evaporator. Seven equations may be
written:
enthalphy balance for each effect
capacity equation for each effect
total evaporation (difference between thin- and thick-liquor
rates)
If the amount of heating surface is assumed to be the
same in each effect, seven unknowns are present in these
equations:
rate of steam flow to the first effect
rate of flow from each effect
boiling temperature in the first and second effects
heating surface effect
Sample Problem:
16.2 A triple-effect evaporator is concentrating a liquid that
has no appreciable elevation in boiling point. The
temperature of the steam to the first effect is 1080C, and
the boiling point of the solution in the last effect is 52 0C.
The overall heat transfer coefficients, in W/m 20C, are 2,500
in the first effect, 2,000 in the second effect, and 1,500 in
the third effect. (As the solution becomes more
concentrated, the viscosity increases and the overall
coefficient is reduced.) At what temperatures will the liquid
boil in the first and second effects?
Ans: 93.70C and 75.80C
Solution
The total rate of evaporation is calculated from an overall
material balance, assuming that the solids go through the
evaporator without loss (Table 16.3).
Repeated calculations lead to the temperatures,
enthalpies, and flow rates shown in Table 16.4. Note that the
steam fed to I becomes the condensate from I, the vapor
from I becomes the condensate from II, and the vapor from II
becomes the condensate from III. From these results the
answers to the problems are found to be
(a) Area per effect: 719 ft2 (66.8 m2)
(b) Steam consumption: 19,370 lb/h (8,786 kg/h)
(c) Economy: 48,000/19,370 = 2.48
TABLE 16.2
Effect
Overall Coefficient
Btu/ft2h0F
W/m20C
700
3,970
II
1,000
5,680
III
800
4,540
TABLE 16.3
Material
Solid
Water
Feed Solution
60,000
6,000
54,000
Thick Liquor
12,000
6,000
6,000
Water Evaporated
48,000
48,000
TABLE 16.4
Temperatures, enthalpies, and flow rates for Problem 16.3
Stream
Temperature
0
F
Saturation
Temperature
0
F
Steam
281
281
Feed to I
113
Vapor from I
245
Condensate from I
281
246
Raw feed to II
180
Vapor from II
149
Liquid from II
149
Cindensate from II
170
114
Concentration,
weight fraction
Enthalpy,
Btu/lb
1,174
19,370
68
26,300
1,170
14,300
249
19,370
0.50
249
12,000
0.10
135
60,000
1,126
16,340
101
43,660
138
14,300
1,111
17,360
0.228
170
142
0.137
100
VAPOR RECOMPRESSION
TYPES OF VAPOR RECOMPRESSION
1. MECHANICAL RECOMPRESSION
2. THERMAL RECOMPRESSION
MECHANICAL RECOMPRESSION
APPLICATIONS
- production of distilled water from seawater
- evaporation of black liquor in the paper industry
- evaporation of heat-sensitive materials such as
fruit juices
- crystallization of salts having inverted solubility
curves
- falling-film evaporation
THERMAL RECOMPRESSION
-vapor is compressed by acting on it with high-pressure
steam in a jet ejector
- more steam production for boiling solution
- better suited for vacuum evaporation
- jets are cheaper and easier to maintain than blowers and
compressors