Circuits 2 - Complex Numbers

Review of Complex
Numbers
Complex Numbers and its Operations
2nd 4th Week
Objectives
At the end of this topic, we should be able to:
Understand that real numbers and imaginary
numbers are subsets of complex numbers.
Understand how to eliminate imaginary numbers
in denominators.
Explain the j operator.
Define a complex number.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex
numbers.
Explain the difference between the rectangular
and polar forms of a complex number.
Convert a complex number from polar to
rectangular form and vice versa.
Explain how to use complex numbers to solve
series and parallel ac circuits containing
Complex Numbers
The Imaginary Unit, i
In studying equations, solutions sometimes

involve the square roots of negative numbers.
To evaluate the square root of a negative

number, like -16, we said it is not a real
number, because there is no real number such
that x2 = -16.
To include such roots in the number system,

mathematicians created a new expanded set of
numbers, called the complex numbers.
The foundation of this new set of numbers is the

imaginary unit i.
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Summary
Complex Numbers for AC

Circuits
Complex numbers refer to a numerical system
that includes the phase angle of a quantity with
its magnitude.
Therefore, complex numbers are useful in ac

circuits when the reactance of XL or XC makes it
necessary to consider the phase angle.
For instance, complex notation explains why

Z is
negative with XC and
I is negative with IL.

Any type of acCircuits
circuit can be analyzed with
complex
numbers.
They
are
especially
convenient for solving series-parallel circuits that
have both resistance and reactance in one or
more branches.
Although graphical analysis with phasor arrows

can be used, the method of complex numbers is
probably the best way to analyze ac circuits with
series-parallel impedances.

Circuits
sitive and Negative Numbers
Our common use of numbers as either positive

or negative represents only two special cases.
In their more general form, numbers have both

quantity and phase angle.
In Fig. 241, positive and negative numbers are

shown corresponding to the phase angles of 0
and 180, respectively.

Circuits
For example, the numbers 2, 4, and 6 represent

units along the horizontal or x axis, extending
toward the right along the line of zero phase
angle.
Therefore, positive numbers represent units

having the phase angle of 0, or this phase
angle corresponds to the factor of 1.

Circuits
To indicate 6 units with zero phase angle, then, 6

is multiplied by 1 as a factor for the positive
number 6.
The sign is often omitted, as it is assumed

unless indicated otherwise.
In the opposite direction, negative numbers

correspond to 180, or this phase angle

Circuits
Actually, -6 represents the same quantity as 6

but rotated through the phase angle of 180.
The angle of rotation is the operator for the

number.
The operator for -1 is 180 ; the operator for

+1 is 0.

Circuits
The j Operator
The operator for a number can be any angle

between 0 and 360 .
Since the angle of 90 is important in ac

circuits, the factor j is used to indicate 90. See
Fig. 242.

Circuits
The j Operator
Here, the number 5 means 5 units at 0, the

number -5 is at 180, and j5 indicates the
number 5 at the 90 angle.
The j is usually written before the number.

Circuits
The j Operator
The reason is that the j sign is a 90 operator,

just as the + sign is a 0 operator and the sign is a 180 operator.
Any quantity at right angles to the zero axis, or

90 counterclockwise, is on the + j axis.

Circuits
In mathematics, numbers on the horizontal axis
are real numbers,
negative values.
including
positive
and
Numbers on the j axis are called imaginary

numbers because they are not on the real axis.
In mathematics, the abbreviation i is used to

indicate imaginary numbers.
In electricity, however, j is used to avoid

confusion with i as the symbol for current.
Furthermore, there is nothing imaginary about

electrical quantities on the j axis.

Circuits
An electric shock from j500-V is just as
dangerous as 500-V positive or negative.
More features of the j operator are shown in Fig.

243.

The angle of 180 corresponds to the
Circuits
operation of 90 repeated twice.
This angular rotation is indicated by the factor j2.

Note that the j operation multiplies itself, instead
of adding.

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Since j means 180, which corresponds to the
2
factor of -1, we can say that j2 is the same as 1.

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In short, the operator j2 for a number means to

multiply by -1.
For instance, j28 is -8.
Furthermore, the angle of 270 is the same as

-90, which corresponds to the operator - j.

Circuits
These characteristics of the j operator are

summarized as follows:

Circuits
Definition of a Complex Number in AC Circuits
The combination of a real and an imaginary term

is called a complex number.
Usually, the real number is written first.
As an example, 3 + j4 is a complex number

including 3 units on the real axis added to 4 units
90 out of phase on the j axis.
Complex numbers must be added as phasors.

Definition of a Complex
Number in AC Circuits
Circuits
Phasors for complex numbers shown in Fig. 244

are typical examples.
The + j phasor is up for 90; the -j phasor is

down for 90 .
The phasors are shown with the end of one

Definition of a Complex
Number in AC Circuits
Circuits
Graphically, the sum is the hypotenuse of the

right triangle formed by the two phasors.
Since a number like 3 + j4 specifies the phasors

in rectangular coordinates, this system is the
rectangular form of complex numbers.
Be careful to distinguish a number like j2, where

2 is a coefficient, from j2, where 2 is the
exponent.
The number j2 means 2 units up on the j axis of

90.

Circuits
Definition of a Complex Number in AC Circuits
Another comparison to note is between j3 and j3.
The number j3 is 3 units up on the j axis, and j3 is

the same as the -j operator, which is down on the
-90 axis.
Also note that either the real term or the j term

can be the larger of the two.
When the j term is larger, the angle is more than

45; when the j term is smaller, the angle is less
than 45.

Circuits
How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC
Circuits
Applications of complex numbers are a question

of using a real term for 0, +j for 90 and -j for
-90 , to denote phase angles.
Figure 245 illustrates the following rules:

Circuits
Circuits
An angle of 0 or a real number without any j

operator is used for resistance R. For instance, 3 of R is stated as 3- .
An angle of 90 or + j is used for inductive

reactance XL.

Circuits
Circuits
This rule always applies to XL, whether it is in

series or parallel with R.
The reason is the fact that IXL represents voltage

across an inductance, which always leads the
current in the inductance by 90. The + j is also
used for VL.
An angle of -- 90 or -j is used for XC. For

instance, a 4- XC is -j4.

Circuits
Circuits
The reason is that IXC is the voltage across a

capacitor, which always lags the capacitors
charge and discharge current by -90.
The -j is also used for VC.
With reactive branch currents, the sign for j is

reversed, compared with reactive ohms, because
of the opposite phase angle.

Circuits
Circuits
In Fig. 246a and b, -j is used for inductive

branch current IL, and +j is used for capacitive
branch current IC.

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Impedance in Complex Form

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Impedance in Complex
Form

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Operations with Complex
Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

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Numbers

agnitude and Angle of
a Complex Number
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agnitude and Angle of
a Complex Number
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agnitude and Angle of a Complex Number

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Many scientific calculators have keys that can

convert from rectangular coordinates to the
magnitudephase angle form (called polar
coordinates) directly.
If your calculator does not have these keys, the

problem can be done in two separate parts:
(1)the magnitude as the square root of the sum
of two squares and
(2)the angle as the arctan equal to the j term
divided by the real term.

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Polar Form of Complex
Numbers

Circuits
Polar Form of Complex
Numbers

Circuits
plication and Division in Polar Form of Complex Numb

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ltiplication in Polar Form of Complex Numbers

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ltiplication in Polar Form of Complex Numbers

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vision in Polar Form of Complex Numbers

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vision in Polar Form of Complex Numbers

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Converting Polar to Rectangular Form
Complex numbers in polar form are convenient

for multiplication and division, but they cannot
be added or subtracted if their angles are
different because the real and imaginary parts
that make up the magnitude are different.
When complex numbers in polar form are to be

added or subtracted, therefore, they must be
converted into rectangular form.

Converting Polar Circuits
to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

to Rectangular Form

Complex NumbersCircuits
in Series AC Circuits
Refer to the circuit, although a circuit like

with only series resistances and reactances
be solved graphically with phasor arrows,
complex numbers show more details of
phase angles.
this
can
the
the











in Parallel AC Circuits

in Parallel AC Circuits

Combining Two Complex
Branch Impedances
Circuits

Branch Impedances
Circuits

Branch Impedances
Circuits

Branch Impedances
Circuits

Combining Complex
Branch Currents
Circuits

Combining Complex
Branch Currents
Circuits

Parallel Circuit with
Three Complex Branches
Circuits

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Circuits

Circuits 2 - Complex Numbers

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Review of Complex

The Imaginary Unit, i

In studying equations, solutions sometimes

To evaluate the square root of a negative

To include such roots in the number system,

The foundation of this new set of numbers is the

Complex Numbers for AC

Therefore, complex numbers are useful in ac

For instance, complex notation explains why

Complex Numbers for AC

Although graphical analysis with phasor arrows

Complex Numbers for AC

Our common use of numbers as either positive

In their more general form, numbers have both

In Fig. 241, positive and negative numbers are

Complex Numbers for AC

For example, the numbers 2, 4, and 6 represent

Therefore, positive numbers represent units

Complex Numbers for AC

To indicate 6 units with zero phase angle, then, 6

The sign is often omitted, as it is assumed

In the opposite direction, negative numbers

Complex Numbers for AC

Actually, -6 represents the same quantity as 6

The angle of rotation is the operator for the

The operator for -1 is 180 ; the operator for

Complex Numbers for AC

The operator for a number can be any angle

Since the angle of 90 is important in ac

Complex Numbers for AC

Here, the number 5 means 5 units at 0, the

The j is usually written before the number.

Complex Numbers for AC

The reason is that the j sign is a 90 operator,

Any quantity at right angles to the zero axis, or

Complex Numbers for AC

Numbers on the j axis are called imaginary

In mathematics, the abbreviation i is used to

In electricity, however, j is used to avoid

Furthermore, there is nothing imaginary about

Complex Numbers for AC

More features of the j operator are shown in Fig.

Complex Numbers for AC

This angular rotation is indicated by the factor j2.

Complex Numbers for AC

factor of -1, we can say that j2 is the same as 1.

Complex Numbers for AC

In short, the operator j2 for a number means to

For instance, j28 is -8.

Furthermore, the angle of 270 is the same as

Complex Numbers for AC

These characteristics of the j operator are

Complex Numbers for AC

The combination of a real and an imaginary term

Usually, the real number is written first.

As an example, 3 + j4 is a complex number

Complex numbers must be added as phasors.

Complex Numbers for AC

Phasors for complex numbers shown in Fig. 244

The + j phasor is up for 90; the -j phasor is

The phasors are shown with the end of one

Complex Numbers for AC