Future Trends in Mobile

Communication

Two main evolution paths

into 3G

WCDMA Evolution

PDC

GSM

WCDMA/WCDMA-E

GSM/GPRS

EDGE

New
Spectrum
Existing
Spectrum

TDMA

cdmaOne

CDMA2000 1X

New+Existing

CDMA2000 1xDO Rev 0/A Spectrum

2G

First Step into 3G

3G phase 1

Evolved 3G

28.8 kb/s

64 - 144 Kb/s

384 Kb/s 3.6 Mb/s

Up to 14Mb/s+

Everything is IP

Mobile Technologies beyond

3G

Mobile WiMAX
4G LTE, LTE Advanced
Cognitive Radio
Mobile VoIP
HAP High Altitude Platform
Wireless Grids
Wearable technology, tech togs

WIMAX Technology

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Works in 10-60 GHz and 2-11 GHz
Provides fixed, portable, and eventually mobile,
wireless broadband connectivity
It can also provide POTS services
Speed upto 75 Mb/s
Designed to develop an air interface based on a
common MAC protocol
Designed a flexible MAC layer and
accompanying Physical layer

WiMAX
Fixed
Access

Portable
Access

Small to
Mid size
Business

WiMAX Base Station

(Towers or rooftop antennas)

CPE

Mobile Network
Backhaul

Residential
SOHO

HotSpot
Backhaul

WiFi/802.11
Hotspot

Cellular

WIMAX Architecture

3GPP Networks

2.5G Architectural Dtails

2G MS (voice only)

NSS
BSS
E

Abis

PSTN

PSTN

B
BSC

MS

MSC

BTS

Gs

GMSC

VLR

SS7

H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr

HLR

AuC

Gc

Gn
SGSN

Gi

IP

PSDN

GGSN

BSS Base Station System

NSS Network Sub-System

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

BTS Base Transceiver Station

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

BSC Base Station Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

3GPP Releases
UMTS Release 991
Based on GSM,
Backward compatible with GSM,
Interoperation between UMTS and GSM;
Definition of the UTRAN
UMTS FDD (W-CDMA)
UMTS Release 4
Seperation of user data flows and control mechanisms,
UMTS TDD Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA),
High data rate UMTS TDD with 3.84 Mchips/s,
Narrowband TDD with 1.28 Mchips/s;
Position location functionality;

3G rel99 Architecture
(UMTS)
- 3G Radios

2G MS (voice only)

CN

BSS

Abis

PSTN

PSTN

B
BSC
Gb

BTS

MSC
Gs

GMSC

VLR

SS7

2G+ MS (voice & data)

IuCS
RNS

Gr

HLR

ATM
Iub

IuPS
RNC

AuC

Gc

Gn
SGSN

Gi

IP

PSDN

GGSN

Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System

CN Core Network

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

BTS Base Transceiver Station

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

BSC Base Station Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register

RNS Radio Network System

AuC Authentication Server

RNC Radio Network Controller

GMSC Gateway MSC

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS)

- Soft Switching
2G MS (voice only)

CN

CS-MGW

Abis

Nc
Mc

BSC
Gb

BTS

CS-MGW

Nb

BSS

PSTN

B
C

MSC Server
Gs

PSTN
Mc
GMSC server

VLR

SS7
H

2G+ MS (voice & data)

IuCS
RNS

Gr

HLR

ATM
Iub

IuPS
RNC

AuC

IP/ATM
Gc

Gn
SGSN

Gi

PSDN

GGSN

Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System

CN Core Network

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

BTS Base Transceiver Station

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

BSC Base Station Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register

RNS Radio Network System

AuC Authentication Server

RNC Radio Network Controller

GMSC Gateway MSC

3GPP Releases

UMTS Release 5
End-to-end packet switching based on IP (IMS),
Downlink data rate of over 10 Mbit/s (HSDPA),
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN);
UMTS Release 6
IMS "Phase 2" (IMS Messaging, conferencing
and Group Management),
High Speed Uplink (HSUPA)
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
WLAN interworking

LTEs key features

High throughput - 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps DL

- upto 200 Mbps UL
Low latency and high QoS, especially for
multimedia application
All IP Network
Interoperability with existing network

LTEs key features

Peak download rates

172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2 MIMO & 20 MHz of spectrum.

345 Mbit/s for 4x4 MIMO antennas.

Peak upload rates - 86.4 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum

~ 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell.
Sub-5ms latency for small IP packets
Increased spectrum flexibility (1.5 - 20) MHz
Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with
reasonable performance
Co-existence with legacy standards 3GPP &
3GPP2

LTEs key technologies

(Also used in future mobile Tech)

MIMO - providing high spectral efficiency

OFDM - exploiting frequency selective
channel property
Turbo Coding - minimize required SNR at the
receiver
Beam Forming
Adaptive Modulation QPSK / 16QAM /
64QAM

LTE Advantages

Reduced cost per bit

Better user experience
Flexible use of existing and new frequency
bands
Simplified architecture and open interfaces
Reasonable terminal power consumption

LTE Network

3G & 4G Integrated Network

Cognitivie Radio

It is a paradigm for wireless communication in which

either a network or a wireless node changes
its transmission or reception parameters to
communicate efficiently avoiding interference with
licensed or unlicensed users.
This alteration of parameters is based on the active
monitoring of several factors in the external and
internal radio environment, such as radio
frequency spectrum, user behaviour
and network state.

Rationale of Cognitivie Radio

For example, cellular network bands are overloaded in most

parts of the world, but many other frequency bands, such as
military, amateur radio and paging frequencies are not.
Independent studies performed in some countries confirmed the
above observation, and concluded that spectrum utilization
depends strongly on time and place.
Moreover, fixed spectrum allocation prevents rarely used
frequencies (those assigned to specific services) from being
used by unlicensed users, even when their transmissions would
not interfere at all with the assigned service.
This was the reason for allowing unlicensed users to utilize
licensed bands whenever it would not cause any interference (by
avoiding them whenever legitimate user presence is sensed).
This paradigm for wireless communication is known as
cognitive radio.

Mobile Voice over Internet

Protocol(VoIP)

It is one of a family of internet technologies,

communication protocols, and transmission technologies
for delivery of voice communications
and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet.
Other terms of VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband
telephony, and broadband phone.
Internet telephony refers to communications services
Voice, fax, SMS, and/or voice-messaging applications
that are transported via the Internet, rather than PSTN /
PLMN.

Benefits of VoIP

Operational cost

VoIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and

infrastructure costs. Examples include:
Routing phone calls over existing data networks to avoid
the need for separate voice and data networks
Conference calling, IVR, call forwarding, automatic redial,
and caller ID features that traditional telecommunication
companies (telcos) normally charge extra for, are available
free of charge from open source VoIP implementations.

VoIP Architecture
Gateway

MCU
Internet
Router
Gatekeeper

PSTN

Terminal
Phone
ISDN
Terminal
Gateway

Video Phone

Wearable technology,tech
togs, orfashion electronics

These are clothing and accessories incorporating computer and

advanced electronic technologies.
The designs often incorporate practical functions and features as
well as making a statement or establishing a technological look.
Prototypes:
Sony Ericsson teamed up with the London College of Fashion for
a contest to design digital clothing, and the winner was a cocktail
dress with Bluetooth technology making it light up when a call is
received
Prototypes for digital eyewear with heads up display (HUD) are
being developed.
The US military employs headgear with displays for soldiers
using a technology called holographic optics
Zach "Hoeken Smith" of MakerBot fame made keyboard pants
during a "Fashion Hacking" workshop at a New York City creative
collective.

High altitude stratospheric

platform station

A High Altitude Platform (HAP) is a quasi-stationary

aircraft which provide means of delivering a service
to a large area while staying thousands of feet
above in the air for long periods of time.
A HAP differs from other aircraft in the sense that it
is specially designed to operate at a very high
altitude (1722 km) and is able to stay there for
hours, even days.
The new generation of HAPs, however, will expand
this period to several years

One of the applications of

HAPs

For high speed wireless communications

One of latest use of HAPs has been for wireless

communications. Research on HAPs is being actively
carried largely in Europe, where scientists are considering
them as a platform to deliver high speed connectivity to
users, over areas of up to 400 km.
It has gained significant interest because HAPs will be able
to deliver bandwidth and capacity similar to
a broadband wireless access network (such as WiMAX)
while providing a coverage area similar to that of a satellite.

Wireless grids

These are wireless computer networks consisting of different types

of electronic devices with the ability to share their resources with
any other device in the network in an ad-hoc manner.
A definition of the wireless grid can be given as: "Ad-hoc, distributed
resource-sharing networks between heterogeneous wireless
devices"
The following key characteristics further clarify this concept:
No centralized control
Small, low powered devices
Heterogeneous applications and interfaces
New types of resources like cameras, GPS trackers and sensors
Dynamic and unstable users / resources
One of the biggest limitations of the wired grid is that users are
forced to be in a fixed location as the devices they use are to be
hard wired to the grid at all times unlike wireless grid

THANK YOU
.

Thank U