Use of Lupin Seed as Fishmeal

Replacement in African Catfish

(Clarias gariepinus) Feed

AISHA MUKHTAR AMMANI (SI1079)

Faculty of Bio-resources & Food Industry
Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. Connie Fay Komilus

Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Objectives
Scope
Literature Review
Hypothesis/Aims
Methodology
Gantt Chart
Expected Outcomes

Introduction

Fishmeal
Fishmeal
is
is aa high
high
protein
protein
feed
feed
ingredient
ingredient

Lupin
Lupin (L.
(L.
angustifoli
angustifoli
us)
us) is
is a
a
legume,
legume,
that
that
belongs
belongs to
to
peas
peasCatfish
Catfish
family
family
(Clarias

a source of
high-quality
protein,
essential
amino acids,
oil and other
nutritive
substances.

(Clarias
gariepinus)
gariepinus)
the most
most
the
important
important
tropical
tropical
catfish
catfish
species for
for
species
aquaculture.
aquaculture.

Motivation
Search for
local & cheap
alternative
sources of
protein

Introduction

Anatomy of L. angustifolius

Lupin Seeds (L. angustifolius)

Image source: http://www.lupins.org

Problem Statement
Fishmeals are highly sought
after as the protein source of
choice for many formulated
aquaculture diets.

High contents of Amino &

Fatty acids
Low Carbohydrates
Low anti-nutritional factors

However, the
the production
production of
of fishmeal
fishmeal
However,
uses approximately
approximately 35%
35% of
of the
the total
total
uses
global fish
fish catch[1].
catch[1].
global
About 44 kg
kg of
of wet
wet fish
fish is
is required
required
About
to produce
produce 11 kg
kg of
of dry
dry fishmeal,
fishmeal,
to
hence the
the need
need for
for alternatives
alternatives to
to
hence
fishmeal.
fishmeal.

[1] Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R. and Subasinghe, R.E. (2006). Use of fishery resources as feed inputs for aquaculture development: trends and
policy implications. FAO Fisheries Circular No. XXX, Rome, FAO. 100pp

Objectives
To find a
replacement for
expensive animal
protein sources
with good quality
and least cost
plant protein
sources for
enhanced fish
production.

To determine the
optimum inclusion
level of Lupin
Seed Meal (LSM)
in replacing
fishmeal in
formulated diets
of Clarias
gariepinus.

To evaluate the
quality of
prepared feeds on
the basis of
growth
performance of
Clarias gariepinus
fed with varying
inclusion levels of
Lupin seed meal.

Scope
Proximate analysis of each feed ingredients using the methods
described by AOAC 1990, to identify the Crude Protein, Crude
Lipids, Moisture, Crude Fibre and Ash contents.
Feed formulation for Clarias gariepienus using Design of Experiment
(DoE)
Conducting a 12 weeks feeding trials for Clarias gariepinus juveniles
with the formulated feed.
Analyzing the growth performance, survival rate and feed efficiency
of the experimental fish.

Literature Review
Amisah et al. (2009) evaluates the efficacy of treated Leucaena
leucocephala leaf meal as an ingredient in diet of Clarias gariepinus
over a 90-day growth period. The study demonstrated that Leucaeana
leucocephala leaf meal may be included in the diets of Clarias
gariepinus at inclusion levels of up to 30% but it is efficacious and cost
effective at 20% inclusion level.
Yun et al. (2013) conducted an 8-week growth trial to evaluate the
effects of a plant protein blend (PPB, comprised of soybean meal and
wheat gluten meal) as fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth, nitrogen (N)
and phosphorus (P) balance in Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser
baerii Brandt. Result indicates that growth performance was not affected
by dietary protein sources and protein levels. Fish fed the low-protein
diets had higher FI than that of the high protein groups, while fish fed
the FM-based diets had higher FI than that of fish fed the PPB-based
diets.
Amisah, S., Oteng, M. A; Ofori, J. K. (2009). Growth Performance Of The African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Fed
Varying Inclusion Levels Of Leucaena leucocephala Leaf Meal Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental
Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, March, 2009, pp. 21-26
Yun, B., Xue, M., Wang, J., Sheng, H., Zhengh, Y., Wu, X., Li, J. (2013). Fishmeal can be totally replaced by plant
protein blend at two protein levels in diets of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt Aquaculture
Nutrition Volume 20, Issue 1, pages 6978, February 2014

Literature Review
Hairui et al. (2014) conducted a 10-week feeding trial to evaluate the
effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with meat and bone meal (MBM) on
growth and body composition of juvenile sneakehead Ophiocephalus
argus. The results indicated that MBM could replace 20% of FM protein
in diets of snakehead without negative effect on growth and feed
utilization.
Jirsa et al. (2014) conducted an 8-week feeding trial to determine the
effectiveness of replacing fish meal (FM) with blends of alternative
proteins in diets for white seabass (WSB, Atractoscion nobilis) at a
starting weight of 5.6g. The study shows that performance decreases as
inclusion of the soy-based protein blend increases.
Hairu, Y., Qin, Z., Hui, C., Tong, T., Huang, G., Li, W. (2015). Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in
diets for juvenile snakehead Ophiocephalus argus, Fisheries Science, Vol. 81, Issue 4, pp723-729
D. Jirsa1, F.T. Barrows2, R.W. Hardy3 and M. Drawbridge (2014). Alternative protein blends as a replacement for fish
meal in diets for white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, Aquaculture Nutrition ISSN: 1365-2095

Literature Review
Roghayeh et al. (2015) conducted a feeding trial to evaluate the
potential of replacing fish meal by processed blood meal, in fingerling
rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss diets. The results showed that
blood meal is not a suitable protein source as fish meal replacement for
fingerlings rainbow trout.
Yuyu et al. (2015) conducted an 8-week feeding trial to evaluate the
effects of replacing fishmeal with soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed
utilization, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion of
juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. The results showed that there was
no significant difference in weight gain among fish fed S0, S10, S20,
S30 and S40 diets, however, a significant reduction in this variable
occurred when 50% and 60% of fish meal protein was replaced by
SBM.
Roghayeh Bahrevar, Hamid Faghani-Langroudi; (2015). Effect of fish meal replacement by blood meal in fingerling
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on growth and body/fillet quality traits. Aquaculture, Aquarium Conservation
& Legislation, International Journal of Bioflux Society Vol. 8, Issue 1

Yuyu Wang1, Shiliang Yu1, Yueyang Wang2, Jianfang Che1, Liping Zhao1, Xianyong Bu1 and Yuhong Yang, (2015).
Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion
of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, Aquaculture Research DOI: 10.1111/are.12765

Hypothesis/Aims
This research aim is to investigate the efficacy of fishmeal
replacement with lupin seed to formulate feed without
detrimental impacts on growth in Clarias gariepienus.

Methodology
Phase I:
Proximate Analysis of feed
Ingredients
1. Moisture
2. Ash
3. Crude Protein
4. Crude Lipid
5. Crude Fibre
6. Nitrogen-free extracts
(digestible carbohydrates)

Phase II:
Formulation and Preparation of
Fish Pellets.

Phase
Phase III:
III:

Fish
Fish Rearing
Rearing and
and Feeding
Feeding Trials
Trials

Sample
Sample Collection
Collection and
and Analysis
Analysis

Specific
Specific Growth
Growth Rate
Rate (SGR)
(SGR)

Feed
Feed Efficiency
Efficiency (FE)
(FE)

Survival
Survival Rate
Rate (SR)
(SR)

Phase I: Proximate Analysis of Feed

Ingredients

Phase I
Proximate Analysis of Feed Ingredients
Air Dry Sample
Dry at 1050C

Moisture-Free Sample

Crude Protein

Ether extraction[3]
Ether extract

Fat-Free residue
Boil in acid
Boil in alkali

Crude Fiber + Ash

Burn in Furnace

Kjeldahl[2]

Ash
Crude Fiber

[2] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). (1990). Official methods of analysis of official analytical chemists international, 15th ed.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, USA.
[3] Matsler, A.L., Siebenmorgen, T.J. (2005). Evaluation of operating conditions for surface lipid extraction from rice using a soxtec system.
Cereal Chem. 82(3). pp. 282-286.

Phase II: Feed Formulation &

Preparation of Pellets

Phase II
Feed Formulation Steps

Ingredients
Ingredients
1. Fishmeal
Fishmeal
1.
2. Rice
Rice Bran
Bran
2.
3. Lupin
Lupin Seed
Seed Meal
Meal
3.
4. Maize
Maize Gluten
Gluten
4.
5. Vegetable
Vegetable &
& Fish
Fish Oil
Oil
5.
6. Vitamin/Mineral
Vitamin/Mineral Premix
Premix
6.

Obtain ingredients
locally
Grinded using Retsch Mill passing a
1mm sieve
Mixed in a laboratory blender for 5 minutes
+ H2O[4]
Pelletize the obtained dough using a pelleting
machine
Oven dry pellets at 35oC for 48 hours, then cut into
4mm size.

[4] Lovell, R.T., 1975. Fish feeds and nutrition. How much protein in feeds for channel catfish?. Commer. Fish Farmer Aquacult. News, 1: 40-41.

Phase II
Ingredients Protein level and maximum inclusion level
Ingredients

Crude Protein % Max Inclusion Level %

Fishmeal

55 65

50

Lupin Seed Meal

38 - 45

45

Rice Bran

10 - 15

15

Vegetable & Fish Oil

Vitamin & Mineral Premix

Phase II
Proposed Feed Formulation of the Experiment Diets
Ingredient (%)
Lupin seed meal
Fishmeal
Corn Gluten
Rice Bran
Total Crude Protein
Fish Oil
Vegetable oil
Vitamin & Mineral
Premix

Diets
A
4.20
21.14
12.64
4.02
42%
2.00
5.00
1.00

B
8.40
16.94
12.64
4.02
42%
2.00
5.00
1.00

C
12.06
12.06
8.94
8.94
42%
2.00
5.00
1.00

D
16.80
4.20
12.64
8.36
42%
2.00
5.00
1.00

We will use the Pearson Square Method to determine the

ratio of each ingredient.

Phase III: Feeding Trial Experiments

for Growth Performance

Phase III
Rearing
Procurement of 150 Catfish juveniles
Divide them into 5 groups of 30: G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5,
Rearing in 15 rectangular plastic tanks of 1.0m x 0.2m x 0.5m.
Feeding
Among the 5 groups, four will be fed with 4 different feed diets labeled
A, B, C and D, formulated with different inclusion levels of Lupin seed
at 10, 20, 30 and 40% respectively twice a day at 8% body weight for
12 weeks.

Phase III
Summary of the Proposed Feeding Trial Experiment
Aquaria Nos.

Treatment

Replication

LSM Inclusion Level (%) Diet Ingredients/Composition

G1(a)

A1

10

as stated in Phase II

G1(b)

A2

10

as stated in Phase II

G1(c)

A3

10

as stated in Phase II

G2(a)

B1

20

as stated in Phase II

G2(b)

B2

20

as stated in Phase II

G2(c)

B3

20

as stated in Phase II

G3(a)

C1

30

as stated in Phase II

G3(b)

C2

30

as stated in Phase II

G3(c)

C3

30

as stated in Phase II

G4(a)

D1

40

as stated in Phase II

G4(b)

D2

40

as stated in Phase II

G4(c)

D3

40

as stated in Phase II

G5(a)

E1

commercial feed

G5(b)

E2

commercial feed

G5(c)

E3

commercial feed

Amino acids
Amino Acid Analysis

Lupin Seed Meal

Formulated Feed
Fish Fillets

(After Feeding Trial)

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

(HPLC) Method

Phase III
Data Collection & Analysis
The data obtained
from the trials will
be analyzed
statistically using
one-way analysis
of variance
(ANOVA).

DFI =
WG =
FE =
PER =
SGR=
SR =

Daily Feed Intake

Weight Gain
Feed Efficiency
Protein Efficiency Ratio
Specific Growth Rate
Survival Rate

Significant differences among treatment

means will be compared using Duncans
multiple range test[4].
[4] Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 1955;11:142.
[5] IBM SPSS 2015 http://www.ibm.com/SPSS_Statistics

All statistical
analyses will be
carried out using
the SPSS
Version 22 (IBM
2015)[5].

Gantt Chart

Expected Outcomes
Lupin Seed
Meal will
replace
fishmeal as
major source
of protein in
fish feed

Pelletized fish
feed with optimal
inclusion of
Lupin Seed Meal
will be
developed.
Clarias gariepinus
juveniles feeding
with the
formulated fish
feed will have
high growth
performance.

Specific
Specific growth
growth rate,
rate,
feed
feed efficiency,
efficiency,
survival
survival rate,
rate, growth
growth
performance
performance and
and
amino
amino acid
acid analysis
analysis
of
of Clarias
Clarias gariepinus
gariepinus
juveniles
juveniles diet
diet will
will be
be
obtained.
obtained.

Thank You