Lecture #11

Matrix methods

METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE

PROBLEM
Small degree
of statical
indeterminacy

Force method
Displacement methods
Displacement method
in matrix formulation

Large degree
of statical
indeterminacy

Numerical methods
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

OF MATRIX METHODS
Advantages:
very formalized and computer-friendly;
versatile, suitable for large problems;
applicable for both statically determinate and
indeterminate problems.
Disadvantages:
bulky calculations (not for hand calculations);
structural members should have some certain
number of unknown nodal forces and nodal
displacements; for complex members such as curved
beams and arbitrary solids this requires some
discretization, so no analytical solution is possible.

FLOWCHART OF MATRIX METHOD

Classification
of members
Stiffness matrices
for members
Transformed
stiffness matrices
Final equation
F=KZ
Stress-strain state
of structure

Stiffness matrices are

composed according to
member models
Stiffness matrices are
transformed from local to global
coordinates
Stiffness matrices of separate
members are assembled into a
single stiffness matrix K
Unknown displacements and
reaction forces are calculated
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STIFFNESS MATRIX OF STRUCTURAL

MEMBER

Stiffness matrix (K) gives the relation between vectors

of nodal forces (F) and nodal displacements (Z):

EXAMPLE OF MEMBER STIFFNESS

MATRIX
Stiffness relation for a rod:

EA
Fi
x j xi
L

Stiffness matrix:

ASSEMBLY OF STIFFNESS MATRICES

To assemble stiffness matrices of separate members

into a single matrix for the whole structure, we should
simply add terms for corresponding displacements.
Physically, this procedure represent the usage of
compatibility and equilibrium equations.

ASSEMBLY OF STIFFNESS MATRICES EXAMPLE

Lets consider a system of two rods:

SOLUTION USING MATRIX METHOD EXAMPLE

SOLUTION USING MATRIX METHOD EXAMPLE

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k

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SOLUTION USING MATRIX METHOD EXAMPLE

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TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
Transformation matrix is used to transform nodal
displacements and forces from local to global
coordinate system (CS) and vice versa:

F T F

Z TZ

Transformation matrix is always orthogonal, thus, the

inverse matrix is equal to transposed matrix:

The transformation from local CS to global CS:

F T F
T

Z T Z
T

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TRANSFORMATION MATRIX EXAMPLE

For simplest member (rod) we get:

xi
y
i

Z
x j

y j

x i
y
i

Z
x j

y j

Z T Z

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TRANSFORMATION MATRIX

To transform the stiffness matrix from local CS to

global CS, the following formula is used:

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

The truss has three members, thus 6 degrees of
freedom. The stiffness matrix will be 6x6.

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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EXAMPLE FOR A TRUSS

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THREE BASIC EQUATIONS

How are they implemented in matrix method
Equilibrium
equations

Taken into account when global

stiffness matrix is assembled from
member matrices

Constitutive
equations

Through member stiffness

matrices

Compatibility
equations

Taken into account when global

stiffness matrix is assembled from
member matrices
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WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION?

Megson. Structural and Stress Analysis. 2005

Chapter 17
Megson. An Introduction to Aircraft Structural Analysis. 2010

Chapter 6.

Internet is boundless

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TOPIC OF THE NEXT LECTURE

Stress state of sweptback wing

All materials of our course are available

at department website k102.khai.edu
1. Go to the page
2. Press Structural Mechanics (lecturer Vakulenko S.V.)
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