Centro Nacional de Datos

Oceanogrficos (CeNDO) en
Mxico
Evidencia de Cambio Climtico y Efectos en la
Pesquera de Calamar de California en
Ensenada, B.C., Mxico
M.C. Sergio Larios / Dr. Carlos Torres
IIO/UABC
slarios@uabc.edu.mx / ctorres@uabc.edu.mx
Ennsenada, Baja California, 4 de agosto 2015

 Evidencia de Cambio Climtico

El Calamar y la temperatura
Efectos del Cambio Climtico en
pesqueras de Calamar de California
(Loligo opalescens )
La temperatura y la surgencia en
California
Cambios de patrones climticos
Recomendaciones

http://data.giss.nasa.gov/
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/gistemp/nmaps.cgi?

Global Temperature

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temper

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_

Monthly Analysis

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_m

Changes in Seasonal Resolution

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_more
Figs/

Annual Analysis

Decadal Anomalies

Regional Changes

U.S. Summer and Winter Temperature

Arctic Oscillation
Index

Surface Temperature Anomaly (C) at Extreme AO

Index

Greenland Station Locations and Annual Mean

Temperature Change

Arctic Summer (Jun-Jul-Aug)

Temperature Anomalies

Antarctic Summer (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Temperature Anomalies

Updates of figures in Hansen,et al.

Global temperature change, 2006, PNAS.

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_mo

Global Climate Changes as Forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Three-Dimensional Model
, 1988, JGR and Fig. 2 in Hansen,et al., 2006, PNAS. (Updated on

New York, Los Angeles, Boston and Buffalo

All above data source: NASA Goddard

Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY,
except several NOAA data sets mentioned
above. (Seedata.giss.nasa.gov/gistempfor
details and data.)
Note: The Byrd Station data in central West
Antarctica were replaced byBromwich et
al's data. (since 2013/03/21)

2010_2015_SSt_IslaTodosSantos

Swain et. Al. 2015.

THE
EXTRAORDINARY
CALIFORNIA
DROUGHT OF
2013/2014:
CHARACTER,
CONTEXT, AND THE
ROLE OF CLIMATE
CHANGE. Bams 14
1.
Low rainfall,
unusually warm
temperatures, and
stable atmospheric
conditions affected
the health of
fisheries and other
ecosystems (CDFW
2014).

2013-2015 California Sea Lion Unusual Mortality Event in California

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.ht
m
Elevated strandings of California sea lion pups have occurred in
Southern California since January 2013. This event has been declared
an Unusual Mortality Event (UME).
The UME is confined to pup and yearling California sea lions. Many of
the sea lions are:
Emaciated, dehydrated, very underweight for their age
Report a stranded sea lion
Report a live or dead stranded sea lion (or any marine mammal) to the
local stranding network.
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/casealion2013.htm
Hungry Sea Lion Pups Are Showing Up on San Francisco Streets
http://www.citylab.com/weather/2015/05/hungry-sea-lion-pups-areshowing-up-on-san-francisco-streets/392039/
May 1, 2015
Record Number of Seals and Sea Lions Rescued in California
APRIL 21, 2014
A toxic algal bloom and other factors are leading to marine mammal
distress.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140422-seals-sea-

Profundidad de la isoterma 12C

frente a California (~34N) de
(a) 195075 y (c) 19762000,
loge (volumen
macrozooplankton (cm3 1000
m3) para (b) 195075 y (d)
19762000.
Regions requiring significant
interpolation or extrapolation
are shaded gray, and nearshore
areas in white are where the
12C isotherm outcrops. Stations
are marked by a dot and their
labels are given on the top axis
of each plot. Time series of (e)
alongshore volume transport
(106 m3 s1), calculated
between stations 80.55 and
80.90 for each cruise, and (f)
monthly upwelling index
anomalies (m3 s1 1000 m1;
base period 19461997), which
are estimates of offshore Ekman

Recomendaciones:
1) Sustentar las decisiones pertinentes al
esfuerzo pesquero y tamao de la flota
en monitoreo y la evaluacin del
esfuerzo pesquero, el ecosistema y los
impactos del cambio climtico.
2) La tendencia global es reduccin del
tamao de las flotas, ya que las
poblaciones de sardina y pelgicos
menores estn al mximo de su captura
sustentable en el pacifico.

All above data source: NASA Goddard

Institute for Space Studies, New York,
NY, except several NOAA data sets
mentioned above. (See
data.giss.nasa.gov/gistempfor details
and data.)
Note: The Byrd Station data in central
West Antarctica were replaced by
Bromwich et al's data. (since
2013/03/21)

Central Park, New York City

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/NYNY/global+NYC_
current.pdf

Note 1:GHCN-M version 3 replaced version 2in GISS temperature

analysis because NOAA/NCDC no longer updates version 2. (since
2011/12/15)
GHCN v3.2.2 was replaced by v3.3.0 (since 2015/06/13, SeeNASA GISS
Updates to Analysispage for details.)
Note 2:Ocean data were switched fromHadISST1 + OI SST to ERSST.
(since 2013/01/15)
Ocean data were switched again fromERSST v3b to ERSST v4. (since
2015/07/15, corrected on 2015/07/19)
Our Essays:
Global Temperature Update(2015/08/24)
Global Warming Hole(2015/03/31)
Global Temperature in 2014 and 2015(2015/01/16)
Global Temperature Update Through 2013:A Discussion. (2014/01/21)
Global Temperature Update Through 2012:Discussion of latest data.
(2013/01/15)
Global Temperature in 2011, Trends, and Prospects:Update of GISS
temperature analysis and discussion. (2012/01/19)

Loligo opalescens Berry, 1911,

Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus., 40:591.
Synonymy : Loligo stearnsi
Hemphill, 1892.
Geographical Distribution :
Eastern Pacific: 25N to 50N,
particularly in the waters of the
California Current

Habitat and Biology : This species schools by sizes

and occurs primarily in water temperatures from 10
to 16C, but is
most abundant (and vulnerable to the fishery) after
the end of the upwelling season in correlation with
the increase in water temperatures when spawning
aggregations are formed in 25 to 35 m depths off the
Channel Islands and in 20 to 55 m depth in the
Monterey Bay; mass spawning in Monterey Bay
usually occurs between April and December with
peaks in May or June and in November, but takes

The egg masses are deposited on the bottom in big

patches of severa1 meters in diameter, usually in
relatively shallow water, but in some cases down to 180
m depth;
larvae hatch after 21 to 28 days at water temperatures
of 16C and in 30 to 35 days at 13.6C.
Growth is strongly seasonal: squid hatched in early
summer will grow rapidly and reach adult size in about 1
year, while late broods subjected initially to low winter
temperatures (and hence having low initial grow rates)
will take 1 1/2 to 2 years (Spratt, 1978). Post-spawning
mortality is high in both sexes.

Market squid of all sizes feed predominantly on

euphausids, except on the spawning grounds where they
prefer crab larvae (megalopa). Futhermore, their diet

Cannibalism is common. The daily feeding rate is estimated

at 14% of the biomass. On the other hand, the species is an
important food item in the diet of numerous finfishes
(salmon, flatfishes and others), sharks, marine mammals
and sea birds.

Size : Maximum size 19 cm dorsal mantle length and 130 g

weight in males, 17 cm and 90 g respectively in females;
average total length about 30 cm. Minimum size at
spawning ranges between 8 and 12 cm in females, and
between
7 and 11 cm in males. Males grow larger than females.

Local Names : JAPAN: Kariforunia yariika; USA: Market

squid, Opalescent inshore squid.
Literature : Fields (1950, 1965, biology and life history,
fishery); Hurley (1976, food and feeding, growth and
respiration; 1977, school structure); Okutani (1977);
Recksiek & Frey (eds, 1978, collection of papers on the

Calamar de California o Calamar

Denominacin
Comercial Calamar de California o Calamar de Monterrey
de Monterrey
Denominacin Cientfica Loligo opalescens (Berry, 1911)
Denominaciones Comerciales UE Reino Unido: Opalescent inshore squid
Francia: Calmar opale
Taxonoma Orden: Cephalopoda
Familia: Loliginidae
Cdigo FAO SQD
Mtodo de produccin Pesca extractiva
reas de Pesca 67 - Pacfico noreste
77 - Pacfico centro este

Total
Seasonal
Season
Ex-Vessel Value
Landings
(st)
Catch
Limit*
on was set as a quota by CDFW. The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan went
into(st)
effect for the 2005-2006 season and establis
2000-01

124,378

NA

$24,158,780

2001-02

102,914

125,000

$20,239,487

2002-03

47,016

125,000

$11,989,850

2003-04

60,476

125,000

$29,052,936

2004-05

56,572

125,000

$27,055,085

2005-06

82,108

118,000

$42,335,963

2006-07

38,366

118,000

$18,741,532

2007-08

50,635

118,000

$29,432,948

2008-09

40,146

118,000

$27,410,268

2009-10

93,604

118,000

$48,178,329

2010-11

133,642

118,000

$66,236,305

2011-12

134,868

118,000

$67,242,700

2012-13

106,085

118,000

$62,781,266

Noviembre 2000

Potential Threats to Market Squid:

1.) Climate change and its impact on ocean temperatures. Warming
temperatures could be problematic for squid.
2.) Expansion of the much larger Humbolt squid from the south with
warming coastal waters. Humbolt squid are voracious predators and
enjoy the taste ofDoryteuthisspecies.
3.) Hypoxia caused by upwelling events that draw cold, low-oxygen
water from the deep sea onto the shelf where it can cause largescale fish die-offs.
4.) Coastal pollution, especially in proximity of squid nurseries.
Recent proposals to develop seawater desalination facilities along
Californias coast could create dense plumes of brine that have the
potential to sink and settle overtop the vast white carpets of egg
capsules on the seafloor, if not properly mitigated. No one knows
how brine will impact developing squid embryos or the many other
species comprising marine benthic communities.

 Scientific Uncertainties:
Fluctuations in squid abundance are poorly
understood and impossible to predict. Another
problem is that scientists have no idea how big
squid populations are either. Such gaps of
knowledge make fishery management difficult.
Nonetheless, we now know ocean temperature
plays an important role in squid abundance. One
day, we may be able to predict good and bad years
for squid fishing by learning to forecast ocean
conditions, much like we do the weather. In the
meantime, much research still needs to be done.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF L. OPALESCENS

Mere recitation of the geographic boundaries of the area which a creature inhabits contributes little to an understanding of its way of life; only when the dynamic
factors impinging upon the individual and the population are known can the observed facts be properly assembled, like the tiles of a mosaic, into a true picture of the
animal's life history. For this reason, the recorded limits and the physical oceanography of the habitat of L. opalescens will be described here, and the biological
components will be considered in their appropriate places later.
Distribution
According to Berry (1912) Loligo opalescens ranges from Puget Sound, Washington, to San Diego, California, "... and in its proper season is everywhere abundant,
usually occurring in great shoals by the thousand." Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941) reported this squid in the Gulf of California, and mentioned that it was taken in
quantity by a shrimp dredger south of Guaymas. If, in fact, they were dealing with L. opalescens, this greatly extends its southern range to below lat. 28 N. and
indicates that this pelagic species may frequent the waters to the south of the tip of Baja California (i.e. at least to lat. 22 N.) either continuously or by seasonal
migration to provide reproductive continuity with its previously known population to the north.
The northern range must also be extended. Pritchard and Tester (1944) reported L. opalescens was a significant part of the stomach contents of king salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, caught off the eastern (Gulf Islands) and western (Barkley Sound) coasts of the southern part of Vancouver Island, but did not report them
from elsewhere on the British Columbian coast. Gordon C. Pike (1953, pers. commun.) reported finding a single Loligo (in the stomach of a humpback whale,
Megaptera nodosa) while examining the stomach contents of whales at the Coal Harbour, British Columbia, whaling station (lat. 50 36' N., long. 127 35' W.) during
the summer of 1952.
Among the Gulf Islands to the east of southern Vancouver Island this squid is taken in otter trawls in 3055 fathoms of water fairly frequently in winter; in some
summers these animals are seen under the lights of wharves in this area and egg masses are found occasionally. During July and August 1958, this squid was
abundant in the harbors of Victoria and Esquimalt, British Columbia, mating and spawning there. In August and September of the next two years, it spawned in great
numbers near Victoria in Cadboro Bay, but did not reappear there in 1961.
Physical Oceanography
A very brief survey of some aspects of the oceanography of the eastern Pacific Ocean will give a general picture of the particular marine environment in which L.
opalescens is found. The Monterey Bay region is described in considerable detail because most of my work was done there.
The characteristics of Monterey Bay are well documented, physiographically by Galliher (1932) and by Smith and Gordon (1948), hydrographically by Skogsberg
(1936), Skogsberg and Phelps (1946), and with regard to water and plankton characteristics by Bigelow and Leslie (1930), Phelps (1937), and by several reports of the
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. The reports of this series and works by Gislen (1943, 1944), Sverdrupet al.(1942), and Dodimead and
Hollister (1958) give a broader picture of the coastal waters. Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941) describe some conditions in the Gulf of California, quoting in part from
Thorade (1909). Water characteristics in Puget Sound are given by Thompsonet al.(1928), Johnson and Thompson (1929) and Thompson and Johnson (1930); those of
Canadian coastal waters are described by Cameron and Mounce (1922), Barraclough and Waldichuk (1954), Waldichuk (1957) and the Pacific Oceanographic Group
(1953).
The warmer oxygen-containing surface water of the Pacific Ocean lies above the deep zone (Gislen 1944) of cold nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor water which has come
into the Pacific basin from the Antarctic. Under the influences of the earth's rotation and the prevailing winds the Japan Current (Kuroshio) flows eastward across the
northern Pacific. As it approaches North America, this huge shallow stream diverges to form the Alaskan Gyre which turns northward along the Canadian and Alaskan
coasts to the Aleutian Islands, and the California Current which flows southward off the coast of the United States to the vicinity of Point Conception where it turns
south-westward to join the North Equatorial Current. This offshore trend draws water northward along the Mexican coast, and some of this forms the Southern
California Countercurrent, a counter-clockwise eddy in the shelter of Point Conception and the Channel Islands off southern California.
The main clockwise movement of the California Current as a part of the ocean's surface tends by Corioli's force to thicken this layer far offshore, and constant winds at
certain times of the year also tend to carry this surface water away from the coast of California. Both of these factors contribute to the upwelling of cold, rich water
from intermediate depths along the coast where the continental shelf is narrow. At Monterey, successive pulses of strong upwelling occur from March into August of
each year, and the upwelled water moves slowly southward as it mixes with and enriches that at the surface.
According to Reid, Roden and Wyllie (1958), "A deep countercurrent, below 200 meters, flows to the northwest along the coast
from Baja California to some point beyond Cape Mendocino. It brings warmer, more saline water great distances northward along the coast," i.e. at least to northern
California. Skogsberg (1936) states that some characteristics of the upwelling at Monterey suggest this water is not deflected upward by the coastline itself but by a
deep current parallel to the coast.
After the period of upwelling, the California Current apparently slackens and meanders so that its water (typically oceanic in its warmth, reduced phytoplankton, and
charactersitic zooplankton) forms the superficial coastal layer during September and October. This is called the oceanic period.
From November to February, the Davidson Current, a strong countercurrent from the south, becomes the dominant feature of the inshore surface water. This carries
water from south of Point Conception northward along the whole California coast, and according to Sverdrupet al.(1942), "to at least lat. 48 N." In some years, it
apparently reaches Canadian waters (Radovich, 1961; Favorite, 1961), for in 1959 the sandcrab Emerita analoga was found on the west coast of Vancouver Island
(Butler, 1959), although its northernmost range was reported by Ricketts and Calvin (1952) to be Oregon. An alternative but unlikely possibility is that the Japan
Current divergence shifted southward far enough to sweep water from the Oregon coast northward into the Alaskan Gyre.
At Monterey, the upwelling period, oceanic period, and Davidson Current period recur regularly in the general pattern described above, although some variations
occur from year to year in the time of onset and termination and in the intensity of the typical conditions associated with each period.

La sardina del Pacfico Sardinops sagax caerulea prefiere temperaturas de

17 a 20 C,
el porcentaje de sobrevivencia en las fluctuaciones de verano (18 a
23C)fue de 60 % y en las fluctuaciones de invierno (13 a 18C) >80 %.
Durante el proceso de aclimatacin de las sardinas al intervalo trmico de
15 a 27 C, la mortalidad fue de 1.43 a 75 por ciento, debido a la alta
mortalidad que se registr en 27 C, se trabaj con la temperatura de
aclimatacin de 26 C como lmite trmico (mortalidad 49%)
.
Temperatura letal incipiente superior: 24.6 a 25.6C
Temperatura crtica mxima: 27 a 32C(depende de la temperatura de a
la que fueron aclimatados los organismos)
Temperatura crtica mnima: 5.8 a 15.3C(depende de la temperatura a la
que fueron aclimatados los organismos)
Preferencia trmica: 17 a 20Ccon un preferencia final de 18C

Dra. Mnica Hernndez y Dr. Benjamn Barn, CICESE,

http://ciencias.jornada.com.mx/noticias/la-sardina-indicadora-de-cambio-

Cambio climtico colapsa pesca de sardinas en el Caribe, basado en

mediciones mensuales
El colapso de laspescade sardina en el sur del Mar Caribe durante la
ltima dcada se
relaciona con el cambio climtico global, segn un estudio.
Investigadores de Estados Unidos y Venezuela relacionaron mediciones
tomadas en el sur
del Mar Caribe, e indicadores globales decambio climtico.
Los ndices revelan una correlacin con los cambios en el viento y
los patrones regionales de circulacin de agua de mar,
que pueden tener graves consecuencias socioeconmicas para los pases
del Caribe,
como el colapso de la explotacin pesquera de la sardina.
La alimentacin de la sardina,Sardinella aurita, se basa en el plancton,
que ha disminuido
Desde el 2005. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (PNAS), 15
Octubre 2012
los niveles decrecientes de plancton son el resultado de una reduccin en
la surgencia
del ocano,
fenmeno(2012)
por- Seeelmore
cual
los nutrientes cruciales para la
Referencias
PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1207514109
at: http://www.scidev.net/america-latina/biodiversidad/noticias/cambio-clim-tico-colapsa-pesca-desardinas-.html#sthash.IPBZyfUi.dpuf
http://www.scidev.net/america-latina/biodiversidad/noticias/cambio-clim-tico-colapsa-pesca-de-sardinas-.html
produccin de