Multi-lateral

Organizations

Presented by:
232008 (Hemant Kumar)
232009 (Juli Gupta)

Multilateralism
In International relations, multilateralism is multiple countries
working in concert on a given issue.
In 1990, Robert Keohane defined multilateralism as the practice of
coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states.
As these multilateral institutions were not imposed on states but
were created and accepted by them in order to increase their ability
to seek their own interests through the coordination of their
policies, much of these international institutions lack tools of
enforcement while instead work as frameworks that constrain
opportunistic behavior and points for coordination by facilitating
exchange of information about the actual behavior of states with
reference to the standards to which they have consented.
The term "regional multilateralism" has been proposed suggesting
that "contemporary problems can be better solved at the regional
rather than the bilateral or global levels" and that bringing together
the concept of regional integration with that of multilateralism is
necessary in todays world.

History of multilateralism
1815

1884

20th
century

Concert of Europe - after the end of the Napoleonic Wars,

the great powers met to redraw the map of Europe at the
Congress of Vienna
Conference of Berlin, regulated European colonization and
trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and
coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an
imperial power.
Industrial and colonial competition, combined with shifts in
the balance of power after the creation - by diplomacy and
conquest - of Germany by Prussia meant cracks were
appearing in this system

First World
War

Concert system was utterly destroyed

1920

Post
Second
World War

League of Nations. It was the first international organisation whose principal

mission was to maintain world peace.
But the League proved insufficient to prevent Japan's conquests in Eastern Asia in
the 1930s, escalating German aggression and, ultimately, the outbreak of the
Second World War in 1939.

The victors created the United Nations in 1945 with a structure intended to
address the weaknesses of the previous body.
The UN had the active participation of the United States and the Soviet Union, the
world's two greatest contemporary powers.

Post-war years also saw the development of other multilateral organizations such
as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (now the World Trade
Organization), the World Bank and the World Health Organization
The collective multilateral framework played an important role in maintaining
world peace in the Cold War.

United Nations peacekeepers stationed around the world became one of the most
visible symbols of multilateralism in recent decades.

World Health Organization

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the
United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public
health. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
Established on 7 April 1948
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
Objective: attainment by all people of the highest possible level
of health"
Since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of
smallpox.
Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular
HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the
effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive
health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and
healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving
the development of reporting, publications, and networking.

WHO Objective
Attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health
WHO fulfills its objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution:
to act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work
to establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized
agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other
organizations as may be deemed appropriate
to assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services
to furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon
the request or acceptance of Governments
to provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health
services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories
to establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be
required, including epidemiological and statistical services
to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases
to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the
prevention of accidental injuries
to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the
improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working
conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene
to promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to
the advancement of health
to propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with
respect to international health matters and to perform.

WHO Role

WHO Country Cooperation Strategy

(CCS)
The WHO Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) is a
medium-term vision for its technical cooperation with a
given Member State, in support of the country's National
Health Policy, Strategy or Plan.
It is the WHO's key instrument to guide its work in
countries and the main instrument for harmonizing WHO
cooperation in countries with that of other UN Agencies
and development partners.
The CCS time frame is flexible to align with national
cycles and processes.
The CCS Strategic Agenda consists of a set of high-level
medium term strategic priorities for WHO cooperation
with the country that are jointly agreed with national
authorities, and support the National Health Policy,
Strategy or Plan.
Each Strategic Priority also contains the identified Main

Current Health Indicators

Total population in thousands (2013)

1252140

% Population under 15 (2013)

29.1

% Population over 60 (2013)

8.3

Life expectancy at birth (2013) Total, Male, Female

66 (Both
sexes)
65 (Male)
68 (Female)

Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births (2013)

29 [23-37]

Under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births (2013)

53 [48-58]

Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births

(2013)

190 [130300]

% DTP3 Immunization coverage among 1-year-olds

(2013)

72

% Births attended by skilled health workers (2011)

66.6

Density of physicians per 1000 population (2012)

0.702

Current Health Indicators

General government expenditure on health as % of
total government expenditure (2013)

4.5

Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure

on health (2013)

67.8

Adult (15+) literacy rate total (2006)

62.8

Population using improved drinking-water sources (%)

(2012)

93 (Total)
97
(Urban)
91
(Rural)

Population using improved sanitation facilities (%)

(2012)

60
(Urban)
36 (Total)
25
(Rural)

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of

32.7

Source: Global Health Observatory, April 2015 http://apps.who.int/gho/data/nod

Challenges & Opportunities

CHALLENGES

OPPOTUNITIES

The unfinished agenda of health system

modernization, including high out-of-pocket
expenditures, insufficiency and uneven
distribution of staff, service provision
(overwhelmingly in private hands) and its
quality, and a better alignment of regulation
with present day needs
The need for expediting progress toward
achieving Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) 4 and 5 (child health, undernutrition
and gender equity problems)
High burden of disease (BoD), even though
important progress has been achieved with
some diseases
Changes in the epidemiological profile, with
emergence of cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic diseases,
cancer and mental illnesses as first order
problems while tuberculosis, acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome, water-borne

Using economic
development to pull
millions of people out of
poverty by creation of
employment, providing
water and sanitation,
etc.
Supporting countries
that see India as a
reference through South
South cooperation.
Facing the emergence of
consumerism by
opening a new era of
service responsiveness.

WHO Country Cooperation Strategy

India 20122017 l Main Focus Areas

International
Health
Regulations

Quality

Pharmaceuticals

Stewardship

Financial
Protection

Health of Mothers
and Children

Combined
Morbidity

Transitioning
Services

WHO Strategic Agenda

Strategic Priority 1
Supporting an improved role
of the Government of India in
global health

Main Focus Areas

Ensuring the implementation of international
health regulations and similar commitments
Strengthening the pharmaceutical sector
including drug regulatory capacity and trade and
health
Improving the stewardship of the entire Indian
health system

Strategic Priority 2
Promoting access to and
utilization of affordable,
efficiently networked and
sustainable quality services
by the entire population

Main Focus Areas

Promoting universal health service coverage so
that every individual would achieve health gain from
a health intervention when needed
Properly accrediting service delivery
institutions (primary health care facilities and
hospitals) to deliver the agreed service package

Strategic Priority 3
Helping India to confront its
new epidemiological reality

Main Focus Areas

Scaling up reproductive, maternal, newborn,
child and adolescent health services
Addressing increased combinations of
communicable and non-communicable
diseases
Gradual, phased transfer strategy of WHO

Non Communicable Diseases

WHO Global | NCD Action Plan 2013-2020

Objectives

UN Interagency Task Force on the

Prevention and Control of NCDs

World Health Organization Non-communicable

Diseases (NCD) India Profiles , 2014.

World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) India Profiles ,

2014.

Source: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/ind_en.pdf?ua=

World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) India Profiles ,

2014.

Source: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/ind_en.pdf?ua=

Source: http://www.who.int/features/2015/ncd-india/e

Targets for NCD prevention and

control in India
S.No

Framework
Element

Outcome

2020

2025

Premature mortality
from NCDs

Relative reduction in overall mortality from

cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or
chronic respiratory diseases

10%

25%

Alcohol use

Relative reduction in alcohol use

5%

10%

Obesity and diabetes

Halt the rise in obesity and diabetes prevalence

No midterm
target

Halt the
rise

Physical inactivity

Relative reduction in prevalence of insufficient

physical activity

5%

10%

Raised blood pressure

Relative reduction in prevalence of raised blood

pressure

10%

25%

Salt/Sodium intake

Relative reduction in mean population intake of

salt, with aim of achieving recommended level of
less than 5gms per day

20%

30%

Tobacco use

Relative reduction in prevalence of current tobacco

use

15%

30%

Drug therapy to
prevent heart attacks
and strokes

Eligible people receiving drug therapy and

counseling (including glycemic control) to prevent
heart attacks and strokes

30%

50%

Essential NCD
Availability and affordability of quality, safe and
60%
80%
medicines and basic
efficacious essential NCD medicines including
technologies to treat
generics, and basic technologies in both public and
major
NCDs
private facilities
http://www.searo.who.int/india/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/National_Action_Plan_and_Monitoring_Framework_Prevention_NCDs.p

Key action points at various levels to

achieve national NCDs targets
S.N
o

Target

Suggested activities

A 25% relative
reduction in risk
of premature
mortality form
NCDs

Implement strategies under NPCDCS

Develop policies and strategies for promoting healthy behavior in
various settings, e.g., educational institutions, workplaces,
community, etc.
Build capacity of health system including human resources for health
promotion activities, early detection and treatment of NCDs
Engage and mobilize civil society and private sector for development
and implementation of policies for prevention and control of NCDs
Develop and implement national policy/guidelines on regulation of
alcohol for voluntary adaption by states
Develop media plans, strategies and conduct activities for awareness
building on harmful effects of alcohol
Build capacity of health system for treatment for alcohol addiction
e.g. establish de-addiction centers
Strengthen the enforcement of drunken-driving policies and counter
measures
regulate marketing of alcohol beverages and establish pricing policies
Community action, e.g., involvement of civil society in awareness
generation and de addiction campaigns
Implement
Implement
Implement
Implement

strategies
strategies
strategies
strategies

under NPCDCD
for reducing salt intake
for improving physical activity
for reducing saturated and transfer intake and

S.N
o
4

Target

Suggested activities

Key action points

at various levels to
Implement strategies under NPCDCD
Implement promotion of breastfeeding policies
achieve Develop
national
NCDs
and conduct evidence
basedtargets
public health campaign for early

detection and treatment of obesity and diabetes; and promotion of healthy

food options
Develop and promote nutrition policies to limit content of sugar in food and
non-alcoholic beverages, limit excess calorie intake, reduce portion size and
energy density of foods
Develop and implement policy measures for food producers and processors
for reducing saturated fatty acids in food and replacing them with unsaturated
fatty acids, and replacing transfers with unsaturated fats in food products
Develop and implement policies and guidelines on marketing of foods and
beverages to children
Reduce tax and increase subsidies on food products containing unsaturated
fats
create health and nutrition monitoring environments in educational
institutions, work places, health facilities etc.
The action points suggested in physical inactivity also contribute in achievement
of obesity and diabetes target

A 50% relative
reduction in
household use of
solid fuel (indoor
air pollution)

Ensure availability of generic drugs for prevention of heart attacks and stroke
at primary healthcare level
Capacity building of health professionals in use of drugs and counseling for
prevention of heart attacks and stroke
Implement strategies under NPCDCS
Ensure counseling facilities for prevention and control of NCDs at primary
healthcare level
Promote inter sectoral coordination for development of policies for reducing
indoor air pollution due to use of solid fuel
Develop and implement indoor air pollution guidelines
Develop and conduct evidence based public health campaigns to raise
awareness on harmful effects of indoor air pollution

S.N
o
7

Target

Suggested activities

Key action points

at various levels to
Develop policy measures (engaging food produces/processors, other
commercial operators, civil society, and consumers) to reduce
achieve relevant
national
NCDs
targets
the level of salt added
to prepared/processed
food

Develop and conduct evidence based public campaigns on harmful

effects of increased salt intake and measures to reduce salt in prepared
food
Engage food retailers and caterers to improve the availability,
affordability and acceptability of foods with reduced salt content
Improve the availability , affordability and acceptability of salt with low
sodium content
Promote food products labeling of all nutrient contents including salt
Implement strategies under the National Tobacco Control Programme
and upscale the program to cover all districts in the country
Enforcement of the tobacco control laws under COTPA, 2003
Develop intersectional mechanisms for implementation of the
provisions of the WHO FCTC including rising of taxes on tobacco
products, providing for alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers and
workers.
Implement a progressive ban on packaged smokeless tobacco products
Build capacity of health care system to provide tobacco cessation
services to the community based on the national guidelines on tobacco
dependence treatment and establish a national tobacco cessation
quilting
Develop and implement national guidelines on physical activity for
health
Promote physical activity through evidence based public health
campaigns by incorporating enhanced physical activity in daily routine,
including through active transport, recreation, leisure, sports, etc.
Multi sectional approach involving urban development

S.N
o

Target

Suggested activities

Key action points

at various levels to
Include cost effective generic medicines for management of NCDs
in national and state lists of essential medicines and ensure
achieve national
NCDs
targets
availability at all
level of healthcare
delivery

10

Ensure availability of basic tests for early identification, treatment

and follow up of NCDs
Develop and implement palliative care policy using cost effective
modalities and ensure accessibility to affordable palliative
palliative

http://www.searo.who.int/india/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/National_Action_Plan_and_Monitoring_Framework_Prevention_NCDs.p

Examples of cross-sectional government

engagement to reduce risk factors, and
potential health effects of multisectoral section
Sector

Tobacco

Health

Agriculture

Physical
inactivity

Food processing

Harmful
use of
alcohol

Unhealthy
diet

Finance, tax and revenue

Law and justice

Information and broadcasting

Consumer affairs

Women and child development

Commerce and industry

Human resource development

Youth affairs and sports

Roads transport and highways

Labor

http://www.searo.who.int/india/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/National_Action_Plan_and_Monitoring_Framework_Prevention_NCDs.p

http://donateyourcallertune.in

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
intergovernmental organization which regulates
international trade.
The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995
under the Marrakech Agreement, signed by 123
nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which
commenced in 1948.
The WTO deals with regulation of trade between
participating countries by providing a framework
for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute
resolution process aimed at enforcing
participants' adherence to WTO agreements,
which are signed by representatives of member

Functions of WTO
To implement rules and provisions related to trade
policy review mechanism.
To provide a platform to member countries to
decide future strategies related to trade and tariff.
To provide facilities for implementation,
administration and operation of multilateral and
bilateral agreements of the world trade.
To administer the rules and processes related to
dispute settlement.
To ensure the optimum use of world resources.
To assist international organizations such as, IMF
and IBRD for establishing coherence in Universal
Economic Policy determination.

WTO Roles

WTO Principles
Binding and
enforceable
commitments
Reciprocity

Nondiscrimination
Most favored
nation
National
Treatment Policy

Transparency

WT
O

Safety Valves

Understanding the WTO

What we do
The WTO is run by its member governments. All
major decisions are made by the membership as a
whole, either by ministers (who usually meet at least
once every two years) or by their ambassadors or
delegates (who meet regularly in Geneva).
Trade negotiations
Implementation and monitoring
Dispute settlement
Building trade capacity
Outreach

Understanding the WTO

What we stand for
The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because
they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities.
But a number of simple, fundamental principles run
throughout all of these documents. These principles are
the foundation of the multilateral trading system.
Non-discrimination
More open
Predictable and transparent
More competitive
More beneficial for less developed countries
Protect the environment

Main agreements of WTO

Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
Agreement on Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)

India and WTO

India one of members of General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since 1948.
After Marrakesh Agreement, India joined WTO
since inception in 1995.
India is in the following groups in the negotiations:
Asian developing members
G-20
G-33
NAMA-11
W52 sponsors

Trade Facilitation Agreement

Trade facilitation agreement (TFA) is a trade
protocol aiming to give a spur and do away with the
stumbling blocks in doing international trade
between various countries.
TFAaims to fast track any movement of goods among
countries by cutting down bureaucratic obligation.
Objections
TFA has a clause that says farm subsidiescannot be more
than 10 percent of the value of agricultural production.
If the cap is breached, other members can challenge it
and also go on to impose trade sanctions on the country.
Without the subsidies the food security of the developing
nations could be seriously harmed.

Why was India opposed toTFA?

India's Food Security Act, which is binding on the
government by law now, implies that the government will
provide very cheap food to the most vulnerable part of the
population at extremely low prices. Apart from providing
subsidies to the consumers, through the public distribution
system, it also provides subsidies to the producers of food
grains.
There is a 10% cap on subsidies that is calculated based
on 1986-88 prices when the prices of food grains were
much lower.
Even for providing subsidized food, India will have to
open up its own stockpiling to international monitoring. It
will not be able to add protein heavy grains like say,
lentils, if it wants to, due to riders in the peace clause.
It seems unfair to developing countries to not crack down
on farm subsidies that the United States provides to its

Why does WTO have a

problem with high subsidies?
WTO argues that if the developing countries
continue to give prices to farmers which are higher
than the market prices, it might harm the poor
farmers in other parts of the world.
Solution reached for FTA
It largely restates the original agreement, but with
the important change that instead of a four year
"peace clause" on agricultural stockpiling, there is
no deadline, and the agreement not to challenge
India's subsidies will last until a permanent solution
is found.

The Doha agenda

The work program lists 21 subjects
Agriculture
Rural development and food security for
developing countries
Least-developed and net food-importing
developing countries
Export credits, export credit guarantees or
insurance programmes
Tariff rate quotas

The Doha agenda

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures
More time for developing countries to comply with
other countries new SPS measures
Reasonable interval between publication of a
countrys new SPS measure and its entry into force
Equivalence: putting into practice the principle that
governments should accept that different measures
used by other governments can be equivalent to
their own measures for providing the same level of
health protection for food, animals and plants.
Review of the SPS Agreement
Developing countries participation in setting
international SPS standards
Financial and technical assistance

The Doha agenda

Textiles and clothing
Effective use of the agreements provisions on
early integration of products into normal GATT
rules, and elimination of quotas.
Restraint in anti-dumping actions.
The possibility of examining governments new
rules of origin.
Members to consider favourable quota treatment
for small suppliers and least-developed countries,
and larger quotas in general.

The Doha agenda

Technical barriers to trade
Technical assistance for least-developed
countries, and reviews of technical assistance in
general.

When possible, a six-month reasonable interval

for developing countries to adapt to new
measures.

The WTO director-general encouraged to

continue efforts to help developing countries
participate in setting international standards.

The Doha agenda

Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)
The Goods Council is to consider positively requests
from least-developed countries to extend the seven-year
transition period for eliminating measures that are
inconsistent with the agreement.
Anti-dumping (GATT Article 6)
No second anti-dumping investigation within a year
unless circumstances have changed.
How to put into operation a special provision for
developing countries (Article 15 of the Anti-Dumping
Agreement), which recognizes that developed countries
must give special regard to the situation of developing
countries when considering applying anti-dumping
measures.
Clarification sought on the time period for determining
whether the volume of dumped imported products is

The Doha agenda

Subsidies and countervailing measures
Sorting out how to determine whether some
developing countries meet the test of being below
US$1,000 per capita GNP allowing them to pay
subsidies that require the recipient to export.
Noting proposed new rules allowing developing
countries to subsidize under programmes that have
legitimate development goals without having to
face countervailing or other action.
Review of provisions on countervailing duty
investigations.
Reaffirming that least-developed countries are
exempt from the ban on export subsidies.
Directing the Subsidies Committee to extend the

The Doha agenda

Trade-related aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS)

Non-violation complaints: the unresolved

question of how to deal with possible TRIPS disputes
involving loss of an expected benefit even if the
TRIPS Agreement has not actually been violated.
Technology transfer to least-developed countries

The Doha agenda

Agriculture

market access: substantial reductions

exports subsidies: reductions of, with a view to
phasing out, all forms of these (in the 1 August
2004 framework members agreed to eliminate
export subsidies by a date to be negotiated)
domestic support: substantial reductions for
supports that distort trade (in the 1 August 2004
framework, developed countries pledged to
slash trade-distorting domestic subsidies by 20%
from the first day any Doha Agenda agreement is
implemented.

The Doha agenda

Services
The WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) commits member governments to
undertake negotiations on specific issues and to
enter into successive rounds of negotiations to
progressively liberalize trade in services.

Impact of WTO on Indian Economy

Favorable impacts
Increase in export earnings
Growth in merchandise exports reduction in tariffs
and non-tariff trade barriers.
Growth in Service exports WTO introduced the GATS
(General Agreement on trade in services) that
improved services exports.

Agricultural Exports

Textiles and Clothing Phasing out of the MFA has

benefitted the textiles sector.

FDI

Multilateral rules and discipline

Impact of WTO on Indian Economy

Unfavorable impacts
TRIPS
Protection of intellectual property rights has been one
of the major concerns of WTO. As a member, India has
to comply with the TRIPS standards. However, it goes
against the India patent act in following ways :
Pharmaceutical sector : Under the India patent act,
only process patents are granted to chemicals, drugs
and medicines. However, under TRIPS agreement,
product patents will also be granted that will raise the
price of medicines thus making them unaffordable for
many.
Agriculture
The patents (TRIPS) in agriculture sector will impact
indian agriculture.
This will benefit companies in developed economies

Impact of WTO on Indian Economy

Unfavorable impacts
TRIMS
The agreement on TRIMS wil also favour developed
economies only. There are no rules in the agreement to
formulate international rules for controlling business
practices of foreign investors.
Also, complying with TRIMS agreement will contradict
our objective of self reliant technology and resources.
GATS
The agreement on GATS will also favour developed
economies only.
India will have to compete with giamt foreign firms.
Since foreign firms are allowed to remit their profits,
dividends and royalties to their parent company, it will

Areas of concern
In spite of special provisions for developing countries, certain
imbalances and inequities experienced.
A number of DCs not fulfilled some obligations for trade
liberalization while developing countries asked to reduce
import duties and provide greater market access.
India has reduced tariffs to bring them to bound levels. Even
lower for a large number of commodities as part of the
reforms process. Now, India committed to reduce tariffs to
bring in line with South East Asian countries by 2007. We are
not in a position to reduce tariffs substantially to the extent
suggested by developed countries since
Customs duties important source of revenue for developing
countries like India.
The industrial sector
faces several constraints-some
protection warranted for specific industries
Non-agricultural tariffs gradually reduced but agricultural

Areas of concern
India and other developing countries have argued that
agriculture is way of life and employs large proportion of
workforce while contributing significantly to GDP.
Exposure to volatile international market would affect not only
domestic prices but also incomes of poor.
Technical barriers to trade and stringent restrictions on
grounds of SPS regulations to be relaxed to prevent
protectionist measures by DCs on this plea.
Grant of patents on non-original innovations, particularly
linked to traditional medicines issue of concern.
Mechanism proposed for disclosure of source of origin of
biological material used along with consent of country of
origin. Dissemination of knowledge and also patent rights for
seed diversity important for developing countries.
Under agreement on Trade in Services, developing countries
have asked for relaxing restrictions on movement of natural
persons.

Areas of concern
WTO permits non- distortionary subsidies. Experience shows
these can be trade distorting and DCs have steadily increased
such subsidies leading to excessive global production.
Disadvantage to developing countries since such subsidies
unaffordable. Get less competitive in world market.
Technical barriers to trade and stringent restrictions on
grounds of SPS regulations to be relaxed to prevent
protectionist measures by DCs on this plea.
Grant of patents on non-original innovations, particularly
linked to traditional medicines issue of concern.
Mechanism proposed for disclosure of source of origin of
biological material used along with consent of country of
origin. Dissemination of knowledge and also patent rights for
seed diversity important for developing countries.
Under agreement on Trade in Services, developing countries
have asked for relaxing restrictions on movement of natural
persons.

Arguments in favor of WTO

Increase in Foreign trade
Increase in Agricultural trade
Increase in inflow of foreign investment
Improvement in services
Benefits for clothing and textile industries
Inflow of better technology and better quality
products

Progress in fulfillment of
Indias commitment to
WTO
Reduction in tariff and non tariff barriers
Amendment in patent act
Sui-generis system
Copyright, trademark and industrial designs
Geographic indication
Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM)
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

Thank You