Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edwards University
Chapter 21
Sample Survey
Types of Surveys
Types of Surveys
Sampling Methods
Convenience Sampling
The units included in the sample are chosen
because of accessibility.
In some cases, convenience sampling is the
only practical approach.
10
Judgment Sampling
A knowledgeable person selects sampling
units that he/she feels are most
representative of the population.
The quality of the result is dependent on the
judgment of the person selecting the
sample.
Generally, no statistical statement should
be made about the precision of the result.
11
12
Survey Errors
13
Survey Errors
Sampling Error
It is defined as the magnitude of the
difference between the point estimate,
developed from the sample, and the
population parameter.
It occurs because not every element in the
population is surveyed.
It cannot occur in a census.
It can not be avoided, but it can be
controlled.
14
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
It can occur in both a census and a sample
survey.
Examples include:
Measurement error
Errors due to nonresponse
Errors due to lack of respondent
knowledge
Selection error
Processing error
15
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
Measurement Error
Measuring instruments are not properly
calibrated.
People taking the measurements are not
properly trained.
16
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
Errors Due to Nonresponse
They occur when no data can be
obtained, or only partial data are
obtained, for some of the units surveyed.
The problem is most serious when a bias
is created.
17
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
Errors Due to Lack of Respondent
Knowledge
These errors on common in technical
surveys.
Some respondents might be more
capable than others of answering
technical questions.
18
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
Selection Error
An inappropriate item is included in the
survey.
For example, in a survey of small truck
owners some interviewers include SUV
owners while other interviewers do not.
19
Survey Errors
Nonsampling Error
Processing Error
Data is incorrectly recorded.
Data is incorrectly transferred from
recording forms to computer files.
20
21
22
23
Population Mean
Point Estimator
N n s
sx
N n
24
Population Mean
Interval Estimate
x z / 2sx
x 2sx
25
Population Total
Point Estimator
X Nx
sx Nsx
26
Population Total
Interval Estimate
Nx z / 2sx
Nx 2sx
27
Population Proportion
Point Estimator
n n 1
28
Population Proportion
Interval Estimate
p z / 2sp
29
30
31
Hence,
n
N
Ns2
B2
2
s
4
32
33
34
141
N
n
200
40
35
N n s
200 40
120
sX Nsx N
400
6,788.4
N n
200
40
= $6,788,400
36
200 200 1
n 1
Approximate 95% Confidence Interval
N n
sp
37
5096
.
2
2
B
30
2
N
250
s
1202
4
4
He will need a sample size of 51.
38
Population Mean
Point Estimator
N h
xst
xh
h 1 N
H
Population Mean
Estimate of the Standard Error of the Mean
1
sxst 2
N
sh2
N h (N h nh )
nh
h 1
3
41
Population Mean
Interval Estimate
xst z / 2sxst
42
Population Total
Point Estimator
X Nxst
sx Nsxst
43
Population Total
Interval Estimate
X z / 2sx
44
Population Proportion
Point Estimator
N h
pst
ph
h 1 N
H
Population Proportion
Estimate of Standard Error of the Proportion
1
spst 2
N
ph(1 ph )
N h(N h nh )
nh 1
h 1
H
46
Population Proportion
Interval Estimate
pst z / 2spst
47
N s
h 1
2
h h
B
N 2 N hsh2
h 1
4
48
N s
h h
n 2h 1 H
B
N hsh2
4 h 1
49
N hsh
nh n
N
s
h h
h 1
50
N
h 1
2
ph(1 ph )
B
N 2 N hph (1 ph )
h 1
4
51
N h ph(1 ph )
nh n
N
h 1
ph (1 ph )
52
53
Data
Annual Family
Dental Expense
Proportion
Stratum
Married
Nh
nh
Mean
St.Dev.
xst
250
400
425
xh
475
475
475
h1 N
= $375
Estimate of Standard Error of Mean
sxst
2
3
s
1
1
h
2 N h(N h nh )
19,390,972
2
N h 1
475
nh
= 9.27
55
56
= $169,318 to $186,932
57
pst h ph
.6
.7
.68 .6737
475
475
475
h1 N
Estimate of Standard Error of Proportion
spst
ph(1 ph )
1 3
1
2 N h(N h nh )
.
391637
2
N h 1
475
nh 1
= .0417
Approximate 95% Confidence Interval for
Proportion
pst 2spst = .6737 2(.0417) = .5903 to .7571
58
Cluster Sampling
59
Cluster Sampling
60
Cluster Sampling
Notation
N = number of clusters in the population
n = number of clusters selected in the
sample
Mi = number of elements in cluster i
M = number of elements in the population
M = average number of elements in a
cluster
xi = total of all observations in cluster i
ai = number of observations in cluster i
with
a certain characteristic
61
Cluster Sampling
Population Mean
Point Estimator
n
xc
x
i 1
n
M
i 1
2
(
x
x
M
)
i c i
i 1
n 1
62
Cluster Sampling
Population Mean
Interval Estimate
xc z / 2sxc
xc 2sxc
63
Cluster Sampling
Population Total
Point Estimator
X Mxc
sX Msxc
64
Cluster Sampling
Population Total
Interval Estimate
Mxc z / 2sxc
Mxc 2sxc
65
Cluster Sampling
Population Proportion
Point Estimator
n
pc
a
i 1
n
M
i 1
66
Cluster Sampling
Population Proportion
Estimate of Standard Error of the Proportion
n
N n
2
NnM
spc
2
(
a
p
M
)
i c i
i 1
n 1
67
Cluster Sampling
Population Proportion
Interval Estimate
pc z / 2spc
pc 2spc
68
Data
Number
Average
Number Planning School of Players
SAT Score to Attend College
1 45 840 15
2 20 980 16
3 30 905 12
4 38 880 18
5 40 970 23
173
84
70
xc
xi
i 1
5
Mi
i 1
71
N n
sxc
2
NnM
2
(xi xcM i )
i 1
n 1
72
73
Systematic Sampling
End of Chapter 21
75