TSL101

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 1

WEEK 1
INTRODUCTION TO
PHONOLOGY
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SPEECH ORGANS
Speech refers to the processes associated
with the production and perception of
sounds used in spoken language.
A number of academic disciplines study
speech and speech sounds, including
acoustics, psychology, speech pathology,
linguistics,
cognitive
science,
communication studies and computer
science
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.....SPEECH ORGANS
Speech organs produce the many sounds
needed for language. Organs used include
the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard
palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and
glottis.

.....SPEECH ORGANS

.....SPEECH ORGANS

........SPEECH ORGANS
Contents
Speech Production
Speech Perception
Problems Involving Speech

Speech production
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of
articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and
other speech organs are involved in making a
sound make contact.
Often the concept is only used for the
production of consonants.
For any place of articulation, there may be
several manners, and therefore several
homorganic consonants.
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Speech perception
Speech perception refers to the processes by
which humans are able to interpret and
understand the sounds used in language.
The study of speech perception is closely
linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology
in linguistics and cognitive psychology and
perception in psychology.

.......Speech perception
Research in speech perception seeks to
understand how human listeners recognize
speech sounds and use this information to
understand spoken language.
Speech research has applications in
building computer systems that can
recognize speech, as well as improving
speech recognition for hearing- and
language-impaired listeners
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Problems involving speech

There are several biological and psychological
factors that can affect speech. Among these are:
Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal
cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections,
vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and
throat.
Diseases and disorders of the brain, including
alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech
processing disorders, where impaired motor
planning, nerve transmission, phonological
processing or perception of the message (as
opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech
production.

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.......Problems involving speech

Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion
can lead to phonological problems.
Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping,
cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to
problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and
tics can also affect speech. A lot of people also
have a slur in their voice
In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain
types of dyslexia can impede the quality of
auditory perception, and therefore, expression.
Hearing impairments and deafness can be
considered to fall into this category
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LIPS
Articulation
The lips serve for creating different sounds mainly the labial, bilabial, and labiodental
consonant sounds - and thus create an
important part of the speech apparatus. The
lips enable whistling and the performing of
wind instruments such as the trumpet,
clarinet, and flute
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......LIPS

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Tongue
The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of
the mouth that manipulates food for chewing
and swallowing (deglutition).
It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the
upper surface of the tongue is covered in
papillae and taste buds.
The tongue, with its wide variety of possible
movements, assists in forming the sounds of
speech. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva,
and is richly supplied with nerves and blood
vessels to help it move
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.......Tongue
The tongue is made mainly of skeletal muscle. The
tongue extends much further than is commonly
perceived, past the posterior border of the mouth and
into the oropharynx.
The dorsum (upper surface) of the tongue can be
divided into two parts:
an oral part (anterior two-thirds of the tongue) that lies
mostly in the mouth
a pharyngeal part (posterior third of the tongue),
which faces backward to the oropharynx
The two parts are separated by a V-shaped groove,
which marks the Terminal sulcus (tongue)
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Alveolar ridge
An alveolar ridge (also known as the alveolar
margin) is one of the two jaw ridges either on
the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth
and the hard palate or on the bottom of the
mouth behind the lower teeth.
The alveolar ridges contain the sockets
(alveoli) of the teeth.
They can be felt with the tongue in the area
right above the top teeth or below the bottom
teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges.
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......Alveolar ridge
Sounds made with the tongue touching the
alveolar ridge while speaking are called
alveolar.
Examples of alveolar consonants in English
are, for instance, [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] like in the
words time, dragon, superman, zeal, nasty and
lollipop.
When pronouncing these sounds the tongue
touches ([t], [d], [n]), or nearly touches ([s], [z])
the upper alveolar ridge which can also be
referred to as gum ridge.
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......Alveolar ridge
In many other languages these same
consonants are articulated slightly differently,
and are often described as dental consonants.
In many languages consonants are articulated
with the tongue touching or close to the upper
alveolar ridge.
The former are called alveolar plosives, and the
latter alveolar fricatives.
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Hard palate
The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate
of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It
spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.
It is formed by the palatine process of the
maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.
It forms a partition between the nasal passages
and the mouth. This partition is continued
deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension
called the soft palate.
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......Hard palate
Function
The interaction between the tongue and the
hard palate is essential in the formation of
certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and
//.

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........Hard palate

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Velum
The term, velum, derived from Latin velum,
meaning a "sail", "curtain," "awning" or "veil",
has several quite separate meanings in
biology:
the locomotory and feeding organ provided
with cilia found in the larval stage called the
veliger or "velum-bearing" stage of bivalves,
such as mussels and oysters; also a delicate
membrane found on certain Protists.
the circular membrane around the cap of a
sea jelly or medusa, of class Hydrozoa, which
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helps with propulsion

.......Velum
the veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms
extending from the margin of the cap to the
stem and torn by growth, revealing the gills of a
mature ; in a mature mushroom, the remains of
the velum may form an annulus or ring around
the stem, familiar from common button
mushrooms and sometimes on the margin of
the cap.
the soft palate behind the hard palate
the superior medullary velum
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.......Velum
a thin flap of tissue completely or partially
covering the adaxial wall of the sporangium in
species of Isoetes
Velum is also a common misspelling of vellum,
calfskin (or sometimes the skins of other
animals) that is similar to parchment and that is
used as medium for writing, book printing, and
book binding. Today, leatherette, leather, cloth
or paper are more commonly used, but vellum
is still used occasionally
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Uvula
The palatine uvula is a fleshy lobe hanging
from the back of the mouth.
The uvula may also refer to:
Uvula of cerebellum
Uvula of urinary bladder

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......Uvula
Function in voice
The uvula plays a key role in the articulation of
the sound of the human voice to form the
sounds of speech.
Anita O'Day, a popular big band singer, had her
uvula accidentally removed during a childhood
surgery when only her tonsils were intended to
be removed. This affected her voice by
eliminating vibrato, she said, in an interview
with Terry Gross of NPR's "Fresh Air" radio
show, although the uvula is not responsible for
vibrato (the vocal chords make this happen).
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......Uvula
Function in languages
The uvula functions in tandem with the back of the
throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to
create a number of guttural and other sounds. Uvular
consonants are not found in most dialects of English,
though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian,
and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of
Western Europe such as German and French. Certain
African languages use the uvula to produce click
consonants as well, though other than that, uvular
consonants are fairly uncommon in Sub-Saharan
Africa. In English (as well as many other languages), it
closes the nasal passage to prevent air escaping
through the nose when making nasal consonants 27

......Uvula
a childs swollen uvula

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......Uvula
An adults swollen uvula

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Glottis
The glottis is defined as the combination of the
vocal folds and the space in between the folds
(the rima glottidis)
As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting
vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the
speech, called voice or voicing.

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 Sound production involving only the glottis

is called glottal. English has a voiceless
glottal fricative spelled "h". In many accents
of English the glottal stop (made by
pressing the folds together) is used as a
variant allophone of the phoneme /t/ (and in
some dialects, occasionally of /k/ and /p/); in
some languages, this sound is a phoneme
of its own.

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.......Glottis
The vibration produced is an essential
component of voiced consonants as well as
vowels. If the vocal folds are drawn apart, air
flows between them causing no vibration, as in
the production of voiceless consonants.

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.......Glottis
The glottis is also important in the valsalva
maneuver.
Voiced consonants include /w/, /v/, /z/,
//, //, //, /b/, /d/, and /g/.
Voiceless consonants include /h/, / /, /f/, /s/,
//, //, //, /p/, /t/, and /k/.

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ISL

Access information from the

internet for at least 3 tongue
twisters for pronunciation
practice in tutorial Week 5.
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TUTORIAL

Identify speech organs used

in producing different English
sounds.

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