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particles
strong
attraction
(Essay)
distant
particles
weak
attraction
Interpreting temperature by
kinetic theory
Particles move
around freely at
high speed
container
A gas model
Particles move
around freely at
high speed
container
video
The particles move at random at very high speeds (500 ms1 at room temperature!).
They collide with each other and bombard the walls of the
container.
When gas molecules hit the walls of container, they produce
forces on the surface, which give rise to gas pressure.
Gas pressure
Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force exerted per unit
area.
Force perpendicular to the surface
Pressure
Area of surface
F
P
A
Example 1
Find the pressure exerted on the 5 kg block in each of the following
cases.
(a)
10 cm
5 cm
Solution:
P=F/A
= 50 / (0.05 x 0.1)
= 10000 Pa
Example 1
Find the pressure exerted on the 5 kg block in each of the
following cases.
10 cm
(b)
5 cm
30o
Solution:
P=F/A
(F = normal reaction)
Example 2
0.2 kg
Video
Experiment
Results
Example 2
Experiment
Gas column
Gas column
simulation
Absolute zero
Kelvin scale
When the temperature is measured in Kelvin (K), the volume of the gas
is directly proportional to its temperature shown in the figure below.
volume V
volume V
Temperature T
(K)
V T or
V
constant
T
V1 V2
or
T1 T2
Example 2
An inflated balloon contains 4 x 10-3 m3 of air at 27oC. It is
put into a large tank of liquid nitrogen at -173 oC. What is the
new volume of the balloon?
Solution:
By Charles law,
V1/T1 = V2/T2
4 x 10-3 / (27 + 273)
273 = V2 / (-173 + 273)
273
V2 = 1.33 x 10-3 m3
Thus, the new volume of the balloon is 1.33 x 10-3 m3
Experiment
Heat the water unit its
temperature increases by about
10oC. Stir the water thoroughly
and wait for several minutes to
allow the air in the flask to reach
the temperature of the water.
Measure the temperature of the
air by the thermometer and its
pressure by the Bourdon gauge.
Repeat the above steps to get
more sets of pressure and
temperature.
Results
Temperature T (K)
P1 P2
P
constant or
P T or
T1 T2
T
Example 3
When the flask used in the experiment is put into a bath of
melting ice, the pressure is 8.7 x 104 Pa. What is the pressure
when the flask is put into a bath of boiling water?
Solution:
Boyles law:
Charles law:
Pressure law:
PV = constant if T is constant
V/T = constant if P is constant
P/T = constant if V is constant
PV
constant or
T
P1V1 P2V2
T1
T2
Example 4
A weather balloon contains 5 m3 of helium at the normal
atmospheric pressure of 100 k Pa and at temperature of 27 C.
What will be its volume when it rises to an altitude where the
pressure is 80 k Pa and the temperature is 7 C?
Solution:
P1V1 P2V2
By
T1
T2
PV
R
T
(same for all gases) where R is called the universal molar
gas constant.
constant R = 8.31 J mole-1 K-1
For n moles of gas,
PV
nR PV nRT
T
N
From PV nRT , we have PV
RT
NA
.
Example 5
Show that the volume of 1 mole of gas occupied at s.t.p.
s.t.p is 22.4
litres.
Note: s.t.p. stands for standard temperature and pressure.
Standard temperature = 0oC or 273 K
Standard pressure = 1 atmospheric pressure
= 1.01 x 105 Pa
Solution
By PV = nRT
(1.01 x 105)V = (1)(8.31)(273)
V = 0.0224 m-3 or 22.4 litres
Ideal gases
Example 6
(a)
Calculate the amount, in mol, of the gas in cylinder B.
Solution:
Consider the gas in cylinder B
By PV = nRT
(1.2 x 105 )(2 x 10-2) = n(8.31)(37 + 273)
n = 0.932
The amount of gas in cylinder B is 0.932 mol
Example 6
(a)
Solution:
Consider the gas in cylinder A
By PV = nRT
P(2 x 10-2) = (1.2)(8.31)(37 + 273)
P = 1.55 x 105 Pa
The pressure of gas in cylinder A is 1.55 x 105 Pa
Example 6
1.2 mol
Solution
By PV = nRT
P(4 x 10-2) = (1.2 + 0.962)(8.31)(37 + 273)
273
P = 1.37 x 105 Pa
0.962 mol
Example 7
There are two containers X and Y filled with the same type of ideal
gas as shown. They are connected by a tube. A steady state is
obtained with X held at 100 K and Y at 400 K. If the volume of X is
half that of Y and the mass of gas in X is m, what is the mass of gas
in Y, in terms of m?
Solution:
Let P be the pressure of the gas and V be the volume of
container X
For the gas in container Y, P(2V) = nYR(400) --- (1)
For the gas in container X, P(V) = nXR(100) --- (2)
(1)/(2):
2 = 4nY/nX
nY = nX
Mass of gas in Y = mass of gas in X = m
Example 8
It is given that the density of hydrogen gas at s.t.p. is 0.09 kg
m-3. Find the r.m.s. speed of hydrogen molecules.
Solution:
By P = (cr.m.s.2)
1.01 x 105 = (0.09cr.m.s.2)
cr.m.s. = 1835 ms-1
container
Simulation 1
Simulation 2
Maxwell distribution
Note:
Maxwell distribution is
not symmetric.
When temperature
increases, the
distribution curve
flattens out but the area
under the curve remains
unchanged.
cm
co cm cr.m.s.
It is found that c0 < cm < cr.m.s.
c/m s-1
2
c r .m. s .
c1 c 2 c N
N
From PV
PV nRT
1
Nmc r2.m.s nRT
3
3RT
1
2
N A mc r .m.s RT c r .m.s
Mm
3
By c r .m.s
3RT
Mm
Note:
cr.m.s. increases with temperature.
c r .m. s T
cr.m.s. decreases with the mass of the molecule or molar mass
1
of the gas.
c r . m. s
Mm
Example 8
Find the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecules at
27oC.
It is given that R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1.
Solution:
By c r .m.s
3RT
Mm
Example 9
Find the ratio of the root mean square speed of hydrogen to
that of oxygen.
3RT
Mm
By c r .m.s
ch / co = (0.032/0.002) = 4
Translational motion
Rotational motion
From PV
1
2
1
2
N
m
c
RT
Nmc nRT
A
3
3
Average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
R
1 2 3 R
3
23
1
k
1
.
38
10
JK
where
T kT
= mc
NA
2
2 NA
2
which is known as Boltzmann constant.
Note:
Avogadros law
Proof
Consider 2 gases under the same temperature, pressure and volume.
Let N1 and N2 be the number of molecules in gas 1 and gas 2
respectively.
1
2
P
V
N
m
c
For gas 1:
1 1
1 1 1
3
1
2
For gas 2: P2V2 N 2 m2 c 2
3
Same volume and pressure V1 = V2 and P1 = P2
1
1
2
2
N 1 m1 c1 N 2 m2 c 2
3
3
1
2
m1 c12 12 m2 c 22
1
2
1
2
N
m
c
N1 = N2
N 1 m1 c1
2 2 2
3
3
p = p1 + p2
p2
n1 RT
P1
V
n2 RT
P2
V
P = P1 + P2
n1 n2 RT