LTE Network

(Coverage and capacity) Optimization

DESIGN BY:
AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM
AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD.
SAMAR ABDULKAWE ALSHARAIE
MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID
MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN
NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM

Taiz University
Dep.COM.
Level 5
2015

Introduction of LTE
LTE System Architecture
Network Planning

Network Optimization

INTRODUCTION OF

LTE

Requirements and Targets for the LTE

Reduced delays.
Increased user data rates.
Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision.
Greater flexibility of spectrum usage.
Simplified network architecture.
Seamless mobility.
Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

Technologies for the LTE

Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiple Access
(OFDMA) in downlink.
Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) in uplink.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas.
Packet-Switched Radio Interface.

LTE Release and LTE-Advanced

3GPP Release 8 Freeze Date 2008
Up to 300Mbit/s downlink and 75Mbit/s uplink.
Implementation in bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20MHz, to allow for
different deployment scenarios.
(OFDMA) downlink.
(SC-FDMA) uplink.
(MIMO) antennas.

3GPP Release 9 Freeze Date 2009

Self-Organizing Network (SON) features, such as optimization of the
random access channel.
Evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (EMBMS)
Provides improved support for Public Warning Systems (PWS) and some
accurate positioning methods.

LTE Release and LTE-Advanced

3GPP Release 10 Freeze Date 2011
Up to 3Gbit/s downlink and 1.5Gbit/s uplink.
Carrier Aggregation (CA), allowing the total transmission bandwidth to be
increased up to 100 MHz .
Uplink MIMO transmission for peak spectral efficiencies greater than 7.5
bps and targeting up to 15 bps.
Downlink MIMO enhancements, targeting peak spectral efficiencies up to
30 bps.
Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (EICIC) to improve
performance towards the edge of cells.
3GPP Release 11 Freeze Date 2013
Enhancements to Carrier Aggregation, MIMO, relay nodes and eICIC
Introduction of new frequency bands
Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception to enable
simultaneous communication with multiple cells

LTE Release and LTE-Advanced

3GPP Release 12 Freeze Date 2014

New antenna techniques and advanced receivers to maximize
the potential of large cells.
Interworking between LTE and Wi-Fi or HSPDA.
Further developments of previous technologies.

LTE System Architecture

Together LTE of the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) and SAE of the EPC comprise the Evolved Packet System
(EPS).
EPS is the umbrella that covers both the LTE of (E-UTRAN) and the
SAE of the EPC network.

EPC and LTE under the umbrella of EPS.

LTE System Architecture

The main components of LTE networks are:

User Equipment (UE)

Evolved-UTRAN (E_UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

LTE network elements

LTE System Architecture

User Equipment (UE)

user equipment (UE) is any device used directly by an end-user to communicate.

And it is connected to the LTE network via the RF channel through the BS that is
part of the eNB.

It can be a hand-held telephone, a laptop computer equipped with a mobile

broadband adapter, or any other device

UE handles the following tasks towards the core network:

Mobility management , Call control and Identity management.

User Equipment connected to LTE network

LTE System Architecture

Evolved-UTRAN (E_UTRAN)

The E-UTRAN is responsible for all radio-related functions, which can be

summarized as:

Radio Resource Management : This covers all functions related to the radio
bearers, such as radio bearer control, radio admission control, radio mobility
control, scheduling and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink
and downlink.

Header Compression : This helps to ensure efficient use of the radio interface
by compressing the IP packet headers, which could otherwise represent a
significant overhead, especially for small packets such as VoIP.

Security : All data sent over the radio interface is encrypted.

Positioning : The E-UTRAN provides the necessary measurements and other

data to the E-SMLC and assists the E-SMLC in finding the UE position

Connectivity to the EPC : This consists of the signalling towards the MME
and the bearer path towards the S-GW.

LTE System Architecture

Architecture of the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network

The eNodeBs are normally inter-connected with each other by means of an interface
known as X2, and to the EPC by means of the S1 interface.

The protocols which run between the eNodeBs and the UE are known
as the Access Stratum (AS) protocols.

LTE System Architecture

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Evolved Packet Core is responsible for the overall control of the UE and the establishment
of the bearers. The main logical nodes of the EPC are:

PDN Gateway (P-GW).

Serving Gateway (S-GW).

Mobility Management Entity (MME).

Home Subscriber Server (HSS).

Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).

EPC elements

LTE System Architecture

P-GW(Packet Data Network- Gateway)

The (P-GW)is the EPCs point of contact with the outside world .
Through the SGi interface,

The P-GW is responsible for IP address allocation for the UE, QoS
enforcement and flow-based charging according to rules from the
PCRF.

S-GW (Serving Gateway)

acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station and the
PDN gateway.

MME (Mobility Management Entity)

The MME is the control node, which processes the signaling between
the UE and the EPC.

The main functions supported by the MME are :

establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers.

paging subscribers in the EPS Connection Management.

the MME performs management of handovers.

LTE System Architecture

PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules Function)

The PCRF is responsible for controlling the flow based charging

functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement Function (PCEF), which
resides in the P-GW.

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

The HSS contains users subscription data such as the EPS-subscribed QoS
profile and any access restrictions for roaming.

NETWORK PLANNING

COVERAGE PLANNING-1

Network Planning

LTE Radio access network planning refers to analytical approach which is

based on algorithmic formulation and focuses on the radio engineering
aspect of the planning process, i.e :

on determining the locations.

estimated capacity and size of the cell sites (coverage and

capacity planning).

and assigning frequencies to them by examining the radio-wave

propagation environment and interferences among the cells.

Coverage planning

LTE Access Network Dimensioning:

The target of the LTE access network dimensioning is to
estimate the required site density and site configurations for
the area of interest.
Initial LTE access network planning activities include:

radio link budget .

a coverage analysis.
cell capacity estimation.
estimation of the amount of eNB.

Coverage planning
Radio Link Budget:
Maximum allowed propagation loss gives the attenuation of the signal as
it travels from transmitted to the receiver. Path loss is converted into
distance by using appropriate propagation models. This is the distance
from the base station where the transmitter signals can be received by the
users (receiver). This distance or the radius of the cell is used to calculate
the number of sites required to cover the whole area with respect to
coverage estimation.

Coverage planning
Radio Link Budget:
Link budget and coverage planning is calculated, for both cases UL and
DL a following the procedure steps are :
Step 1: Calculate the Max Allowed Path Loss (MAPL) for DL and UL.
Step 2: Calculate the DL and UL cell radiuses by the propagation model
equation and the MAPL.
Step 3: Determine the appropriate cell radius by balancing the DL and UL
radiuses.
Step 4: Calculate the site coverage area and the required sites number.

Coverage planning
Propagation models:
budget among other important performance parameters. These
models are based on the frequency band, type of deployment area
(urban, rural, suburban, etc.), and type of application .
The Cost231-Hata model can be expressed by the following
formula:

Coverage planning
Coverage-based site account:
For Omni-directional configuration Sites:

CAPACITY PLANNING- 2

Capacity Planning

Capacity planning gives an estimate of the resources needed for

supporting a specified offered traffic with a certain level of QoS

e.g.

throughput

blocking probability

Theoretical capacity of the network is limited by the number of eNodeBs

installed in the network.

Cell capacity in LTE is impacted by several factors,

interference level,

packet scheduler

supported modulation
coding schemes.

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process

The LTE Cell Capacity (Throughput) depends on:

o

Cell Range (Path loss)

Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz... 20 MHz)

LTE Features

MIMO :

Open/Closed Transmit diversity

it results in coverage improvement therefore, it is more suitable to be
used at the cell edge.

Open / Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing Spatial multiplexing on the

other

hand doubles the subscriber data rate

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process

Scheduling:
A scheduling with support for QoS provides
for efficient scheduling of UP and CP data.

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process

4.

Cell Load: It has to be noticed that when the neighbour cell load
is decreasing the cell throughput is increasing as expected.

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process

Fractional

Frequency Reuse (FFR(

The basic idea on which the FFR schemes rely is to

divide the whole available .resources in .to two subsets
or group FFR scheme has two main classes:
Partial

Frequency Reuse (PFR):

in this scheme a common frequency band is used in

all sectors with equal power to create one sub-band
with a low inter-cell interference level in each sector.

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process

Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR):
in this scheme, each sector transmits in the whole frequency band.
However, the sector uses full power in some frequency sub-bands
while reduced power is used in the rest of the frequency band.

Data rate based approach

Cell capacity provided from the link level simulation as input to these approach
assumes that

the target date rate is #Mbps per subscriber. Since only some of the subscribers
are downloading data simultaneously, we can apply an overbooking factor. This
essentially means that the average busy hour data rate is:

Where:

Overbooking factor (OBF) is the average number of subscribers that can share a
given unit of channel

Data rate based approach

Data rate based approach

The number of subscribers per site using this approach calculated

as:
# of sub per site =3cellcapacity
The number of sites to satisfy the traffic demand requirement for
the each subscriber calculated as:
# of site for capacity requirement =

LTE(RF)
OPTIMIZATION

LTE(RF) optimization
To meet customers' requirements for high-quality
networks, LTE trial networks must be optimized
during and after project implementation.
Radio frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in
the entire optimization process.

LTE(RF) optimization

What is optimization:
Optimization is the fine-tuning of a nominal cell plan to a real
environment.

Objective:

The design criteria in regards to coverage, capacity and quality.

The standards defined by local government authority.

LTE(RF) optimization
Need for optimization
Perceived reduction in network quality.

Indications from network performance monitoring.

Subscriber's experience of using the network.

Maximizing the use of existing infrastructure.

.
Introduction of new services.

LTE(RF) optimization

LTE(RF) optimization

LTE(RF) optimization
Network Optimization Methods

Thank you
Thank you