Communication &

Networking:
An Overview

Network Management

OVERVIEW

November 17, 2015

Organization

Communication Systems
Networking
Fundamentals
The INTERNET
Network Security
Network Management

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Simple Communication Model

Source

Destination

Transmission
media
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Example
client program

server

communications
channel

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Communication System
Noise

Carrier

Source

Modulator

Demodulator

Sink

Transmission
media
Network Management

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Data Communication Model

DTE

Computer
Network Management

DCE

Modem
OVERVIEW

DCE

Modem

DTE

Computer
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Modes of Communication
Simplex
communications

Half-duplex (HDX)

or

communications

Full-duplex (FDX)
communications
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Communication Ports

9-pin D-type

9-pin or 25-pin D-type

male connector (COM1:)

male connector (COM2:)

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Transmission Media
Wired
Twisted pair, Coaxial cable, FO

Wireless
Short range
Infrared

Long Range
Microwave
Satellite

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Transmission Media
Inner
conductor

Metal sheath

Insulating outer conductor

Coaxial
cable

Fibre
optic
cable

Inner cladding
Inner fibre (glass)
(glass)

Outer cladding
(PVC)

Twisted-pair
cable
Network Management

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Telephone Network

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Cable TV Network

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing (STDM)
L1

R1

L2

R2

L3
Network Management

Switch 1

Switch 2
OVERVIEW

R3
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Networks

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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November 17, 2015

Categories
Communication Networks
PSTN

Computer Networks
INTERNET

Integrated Networks
Computer & Communication
Networks

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Building Blocks
Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware
hosts
switches

Links: coax cable, optical fiber

point-to-point
multiple access
Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Switched Networks
A network can be defined recursively as...
two or more nodes
connected by a link, or

Network Management

OVERVIEW

two or more networks

connected by two or
more nodes

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Switching Strategies
Circuit switching: carry bit streams
original telephone network

Packet switching: store-and-forward messages

Internet
See the schematic diagram next

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Ckt Vs. Pkt Switching

Circuitswitching

PSE

fixed route

Packetswitching
possible routes
Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Addressing and Routing

Address: byte-string that identifies a node
usually unique

Routing: process of forwarding messages to the

destination node based on its address
Types of addresses
unicast: node-specific
broadcast: all nodes on the network
multicast: some subset of nodes on the
network
Network Management

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What Goes Wrong in the

Network?
Bit-level errors (electrical interference)
Packet-level errors (congestion)
Link and node failures
Messages are delayed
Messages are deliver out-of-order
Third parties eavesdrop
Network Management

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Layering
Use abstractions to hide complexity
Abstraction naturally lead to layering
Alternative abstractions at each layer
Application programs
Request/reply Message stream
channel
channel
Host-to-host connectivity
Hardware
Network Management

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Protocols
Building blocks of a network architecture
Each protocol object has two different interfaces
service interface: operations on this
protocol
peer-to-peer interface: messages
exchanged with peer

Term protocol is overloaded

specification of peer-to-peer interface
module that implements this interface
Network Management

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Interfaces
Host 1

High-level
object

Protocol

Network Management

Host 2

Service
interface

Peer-to-peer
interface
OVERVIEW

High-level
object

Protocol

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November 17, 2015

ISO-OSI 7 Layer Ref. Model

DATA

DATA
Virtual Data Flow
DATA

Application

DATA

Presentation

DATA

Session

DATA

Transport

DATA

Network

N T

DATA

Data Link

N T

DATA

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

Physical

Actual Data Flow

Network Management

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Data Flow in Layered Model

DATA

DATA
Virtual Data Flow

Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

User application. process

and management functions
Data interpretation, format
and control transformation
Administration and control
of session between two nodes
Network transparent data transfer
and transmission control
Routing, switching and flow
control over a network
Maintain and release data:
link, error and flow control
Electrical and mechanical
characteristics

Actual Data Flow

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Logical View of Layers

NETWORK A

NETWORK B
Session

Data Link

Transport

N6
N1
N5

N4
N2

N7
N8

N3
Network

Physical

Network Management

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Types of Networks
LAN
Local area

MAN
Metropolitan area

WAN
Wide area
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Ring, Star & Bus LAN

Ring network

Star network

central
server

Bus network

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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IEEE LAN Standards

LLC
MAC

LLC
LAN

MAC

Physical

Physical
Logical link control (LLC)
IEEE 802.2

Data link

Physical
OSI model
Network Management

Media access
control (MAC)
IEEE 802.5
Token ring
OVERVIEW

Media access
control (MAC)
IEEE 802.3
CSMA/CD
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November 17, 2015

Campus Wide LAN

MECH_1

INSTR_1

Fan-out
box

Fan-out
box
Ethernet backbone

Fan-out
box

Fan-out
box

PRODUCTION_1

Fan-out
box

ADMIN_1
Fan-out
box

PRODUCTION_2

Network Management

ELECT_1
Fan-out
box

ADMIN_2

OVERVIEW

ELECT_1 can act

as a stand-alone
network if required

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Internetworking

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Definition
An internetwork is an interconnected collection
of independent networks
Each independent network is often
referred to as an autonomous system
(AS)

Internetwork is the generic name to any kind of

network interconnection
The INTERNET is a special internetwork that
uses TCP/IP protocol stack
Network Management

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Difference with network?

A network is a collection of interconnected computers
An internetwork is a collection of interconnected
networks (or ASs)
Network 1 (Ethernet)
H7

H2

H1

R3

H8

H3
Network 4
(point-to-point)

Network 2 (Ethernet)
R1
R2
H4
Network 3 (FDDI)

H5

Network Management

OVERVIEW

H6

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November 17, 2015

Various Internetworking Cases

LAN-LAN
EE LAN to CSE LAN in a campus network

LAN-WAN
office LAN to the INTERNET

WAN-WAN
ERNET to VSNL-net

LAN-WAN-LAN
two offices connected via the INTERNET

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Practical Internetworking Scenario

LAN for small domains of computers
LAN-LAN interconnection for a campus
LAN-WAN interconnection for INTERNET
connectivity
LAN-WAN-LAN interconnection for connectivity
between distant computers

Network Management

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A common Example

(LAN-LAN, LAN-WAN, LAN-WAN-LAN)

LAN B

LAN A

Gateway

Bridge

or modem
LAN C

Local network
backbone
Wide area
network

LAN D

connection

Wide area
network

Network Management

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Internetworking Devices

Repeater (layer 1)
bit-level
Bridge
(layer 2)
frame-level
Router
(layer 3)
packet-level
Gateway
(layer 4-7)
message-level
Transport layer gateway
level
Application layer gateway
level

Network Management

OVERVIEW

TPDUAPDU-

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The INTERNET

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Early History
1969, Dec ARPANET went on air:: US DoD
1974 TCP/IP discovered :: Cerf & Kahn
1983, Jan 01 TCP/IP became the official
protocol
MILNET is isolated from ARPANET
1990 the Internet takes over, ARPANET dies
NSFNET is merged with ARPANET
1992 the Internet Society was set up
Network Management

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The Internet Structure- Recent

Past
NSFNET backbone

Stanford

ISU

BARRNET

MidNet

regional

Westnet

regional

regional
Berkeley

PARC

UNM

NCAR

UNL

KU

UA

Network Management

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The Internet Structure- Today

Large corporation
Consumer

ISP

Peering
point
Backbone service provider

Peering
point

Consumer

ISP

Large corporation

Consumer

ISP

Small
corporation
Network Management

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Traditional use of the Internet

E-mail (SMTP)
Pine, outlook express, hotmail, yahoo, etc

News (NNTP)
Usenet

Remote login (Telnet)

Rlogin

File transfer (FTP)

CuteFTP, download

Browsing (HTTP)
WWW, Explorer, Netscape
Network Management

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How to be on the Internet?

A machine is capable to be on the Internet, if it
has

An IP address
TCP/IP support
Ability to send IP packets
Physical connectivity

Today TCP/IP is built into most OSs

Network Management

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Connecting from Home

Windows/Linux has TCP/IP inbuilt

Configure TCP/IP for your ISP & modem
Configure dial-up connection
Connect modem to your PC (connectivity)
Dial ISPs # using PPP
Login and get temporary IP
Start browser or e-mail client

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Connecting to ISP via Modem

Modem

Modem
33.6 Kbps

Modem

Public switched
telecommunication
network

Modem

Modem
56 Kbps

ISP Server
Modem
stack

Network Management

OVERVIEW

INTERNET

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November 17, 2015

TCP/IP Stack
Unlike OSI, it is a 5 layer architecture
Session & presentation layers are
merged into application layer

Lower 2 layers are not specified

Any LAN can fit into IP
This is a prime reason for its
popularity

Has its origin in UNIX OS

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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TCP/IP Architecture
Application

FTP/TELNET

Application

TCP

TCP

IP

IP

Network
controller
software

Network
controller
software

Computer on
network A
Network Management

Physical medium
OVERVIEW

Computer on
network B
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November 17, 2015

Internet Routing
Overview
Forwarding vs. routing

2-level routing
IGP and EGP

Distance vector
Link state
Route calculation
Dijkstras algorithm
Network Management

OVERVIEW

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INTERNET PROTOCOL
(IP)

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Versions
Two versions are there:
Version 4 (IPv4)
32 bit address

Version 6 (IPv6)
128 bit address

Mobility support
Mobile IP

Network Management

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Global IP Addresses
Properties
globally unique
hierarchical: network + host
32/128 bit

Dotted Decimal Notation

10.3.2.4
128.96.33.81
192.12.69.77

Network Management

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November 17, 2015

Subnetting
Add another level to address/routing hierarchy: subnet
Subnet masks define variable partition of host part
Subnets visible only within site
Network number

Host number

Class B address
111111111111111111111111

00000000

Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)

Network number

Subnet ID

Host ID

Subnetted address
Network Management

OVERVIEW

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How are subnet masks

specified?
16 bits

8 bits

8 bits

Network ID = 128.138

Subnetid

Hostid

11111111 11111111

11111111

16 bits

00000000 255.255.255.0

10 bits

6 bits

Network ID = 128.138

Subnetid (241)

Hostid (78)

11111111 11111111

11111111 11

Network Management

OVERVIEW

000000 255.255.255.192

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November 17, 2015

IPv6
Though CIDR has given IPv4 some breathing
space, its days are numbered.
In 1990, IETF started work on a new version of
IP which will never run out of addresses
In 19993, it is decided as IPv6
Since IPv5 was already in use for an
experimental real-time streaming
protocol
Network Management

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November 17, 2015

INTERNET Domain Names

edu

gov

com

intel

sony

mil

usa

eece.napier.ac.uk
www.eece.napier.ac.uk

OVERVIEW

fr

ac

nec
ed

Network Management

uk

bath

napier

eece

cs

man

mmse

www

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November 17, 2015

Examples
Hosts
iimcal.ac.in [domain name]
203.197.69.17 [IP address] -->
80:23:A8:33:5B:9F [ethernet MAC

address]

Files
/usr/llp/tmp/foo

(server, fileid)

Users
Debashis Saha
Network Management

ds@iimcal.ac.in

OVERVIEW

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Network Security

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Common Security Risks

Hacker

To test out someone's security system; steal

data
Businessman To discover a competitor's marketing
strategy
Accountant To embezzle money from a company
Stockbroker To deny a promise made via e-mail
Con man

To steal credit card numbers for sale

Student

To have fun snooping on peoples' e-mail

Terrorist

To destroy data (say by virus attack)

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Security Measures
Physical Layer:

covert channel,
spread-spectrum
Data Link Layer: link encryption
Network Layer: packet-filter
Application Layer:firewall,
cryptography

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Secret Key System

DES Key

DES Key

Alice
Network Management

Bob
OVERVIEW

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SSL
It is stream-based consisting of three phases
In initial handshake phase, secure
communications are established
In intermediate data transfer phase,
application-to-application dialog (with data
encryption) occurs
In closing handshake phase, connection is
terminated
Network Management

OVERVIEW

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Looking Forward

Network Management

OVERVIEW

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November 17, 2015

The Power of O
High data rate
~ Tbps

High reliability of
fibre ~ 30 years

YOUR
BUSI NESS
Un-repeatered
over longer
distances
Network Management

Low error rate

< 10^(-6)

OVERVIEW

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The Power of M
Consumer
oriented

Handy devices

YOUR
BUSI NESS
Anywhere,
anytime

Network Management

Freedom for
movement

OVERVIEW

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November 17, 2015

Future = Optical + Mobile

Wireless mobile communication has already
attracted global attraction
DWDM optical technology is maturing at a
very high speed
Future global trends showWide-spread adoption of wireless mobile
access to optical backbones
Network Management

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