AtomicStructure

Thesmallestpiecesofmatter
Atom
thetinybuildingblockofall
matterswhetherasolidmatter,a
liquidmatterorgaseousmatter.
Theseatomsarethesmallest
particlesofachemicalelement
thatstillexhibitallthechemical
propertiesuniquetothat
element.Thereare92known
naturalelementsthatexist.
comesfromGreekword
atomosmeaningnot
divisible

 Theatom:

Thebasicbuildingblockofmatter

There are 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms

Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more

Around1900,peoplethoughtofatomsaspermeable
ballswithbitsofelectricchargebouncingaround
inside

Peoplesoonrealizedthattheycouldcouldcategorize
atomsintogroupsthatsharedsimiliarchemical
properties(asinthePeriodicTableoftheElements).
Thisindicatedthatatomsweremadeupofsimpler
buildingblocks,andthatitwasthesesimplerbuilding
blocksindifferentcombinationsthatdeterminedwhich
atomshadwhichchemicalproperties.

SubatomicParticles
ATOM
ATOM
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS

ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS

PROTONS
PROTONS

NEUTRONS
NEUTRONS

PPOSITIVE
O S IT IV E
CCHARGE
HARG E

NNEUTRAL
EUTRAL
CCHARGE
HARG E

NNEGATIVE
E G A T I V E CHARGE
CHARG E

equal in a
Atomic
Most Number
of the atoms mass.
neutral atom
equals the # of...
QUARKS

Atoms
Classifyingthecompositionofobjectsatthe
atomiclevelisnowafamiliarprocess.

Thisring,forexample,ismadeupofonly2
kindsofatoms:gold(Au)andCarbon(C)

 ChemicalCompounds
formedwhenatomsreactwith
eachother.
combinationofelements
Molecule
smallestpartofacompoundthat
canexistindependently

Periodictable
Theperiodictablelistsabout114atomswithdistinct
properties:mass,crystalstructure,meltingpoint

Therangeandpatternofpropertiesreflectsthe
internalstructureoftheatomsthemselves.

Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of 2 regions:
Nucleus: the center of the atom that
contains the mass of the atom
Electron cloud: region that surrounds
the nucleus that contains most of the
space in the atom
Electron
Cloud

Nucleus

Whats in the Nucleus?

The nucleus contains 2 of the 3
subatomic particles:
Protons: positively charged subatomic
particles
Neutrons: neutrally charged subatomic
particles

SubatomicParticles
Electrons negativecharge
wasdiscoveredbySirJosephThomsonin April30,1847
electricchargeof1.602x1019Candmass of9.109x1031kg
Protons positivecharge
wasdiscoveredbyErnestRutherfordin1919
electricchargeof1.602x1019Cand massof1.6726x1027kg
Neutrons nocharge
wasdiscoveredbySirJamesChadwick
in1932
noelectricchargeandmassof1.6749x1027kg

How do these particles

interact?
Protons and neutrons live compacted
in the tiny positively charged nucleus
accounting for most of the mass of
the atom
The negatively charged electrons are
small and have a relatively small mass
but occupy a large volume of space
outside the nucleus

How do the subatomic particles

balance each other?
In an atom:
The protons = the electrons
If 20 protons are present in an atom then 20
electrons are there to balance the overall charge
of the atomatoms are neutral

The neutrons have no charge; therefore they

do not have to equal the number of protons or
electrons
Isotopes elementsthatexistindifferentforms
differinginthenumberofneutrons

How do we know the number of

subatomic particles in an atom?

Atomic number: this number indicates the

number of protons in an atom
Ex: Hydrogens atomic number is 1
So hydrogen has 1 proton

Ex: Carbons atomic number is 6

So carbon has 6 protons

**The number of protons identifies the atom.

Ex. 2 protons = He, 29 protons = Cu

How do we know the number of

subatomic particles in an atom?
Mass number: the number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus
Ex: hydrogen can have a mass of 3.
Since it has 1 proton it must have 2
neutrons
# of neutrons = mass # - atomic #

Determining the number of

protons and neutrons
Li has a mass number of 7 and an
atomic number of 3

Protons = 3 (same as atomic #)

Neutrons= 7-3 = 4 (mass # - atomic #)

Ne has a mass number of 20 and an

atomic number of 10
Protons = 10
Neutrons = 20 - 10= 10

What about the electrons?

The electrons are equal to the
number of protons
So e- = p = atomic #

Ex: He has a mass # of 4 and an

atomic # of 2
p+ = 2
no = 2
e- = 2

Determine the number of

subatomic particles in the
following:
Cl has a mass # of 35 and an atomic #
of 17
p+ = 17,

no = 18,

e- = 17

K has a mass # of 39 and an atomic #

of 19
P+ = 19,

no = 20

e- = 19

How exactly are the particles

arranged?
Bohr Model of the atom:
Reviewersthinkthiscouldleadtomisconceptions!

The 3rd
ring can
hold up
to 18 eThe 4th ring
and any
after can
hold up to
32 e-

All of the
protons
and the
neutrons
The 1st ring
can hold up
to 2 eThe 2nd ring
can hold up
to 8 e-

BohrsModel

Shell

Numberofelectons(2n2)

18

What does carbon look like?

Mass # = 12

atomic # = 6
6 p and 6
n live in
the nucleus

p+ = 6

no = 6

e- = 6

InsideAtoms:neutrons,protons,electrons

Carbon(C)
AtomicnumberZ=6
(numberofprotons)

MassnumberA=12

Gold(Au)

(numberofprotons+neutrons)

AtomicnumberZ=79

#electrons=#protons

MassnumberA=197

(atomiselectricallyneutral)

#electrons=#protons

Propertiesofnucleons
Name

Mass

ElectricCharge

Proton

1GeV

+1

Neutron

1+GeV

Units:
Theelectricchargeofanelectronis1intheseunits.
Massunitsarebillionelectronvoltswhere1eVisatypical
energyspacingofatomicelectronenergylevels.

Ions
Anatomwithanetcharge
Anion negativelychargedion
Cation positivelychargedion

Quarks
substructuresofprotonsandneutrons
(nucleons)
discoveredin1968atJeffersonLab

FlavorsofQuarks
Flavor

Symbol

Charge

Up

+2/3

Down

1/3

Charm

+2/3

Strange

1/3

Top

+2/3

Bottom

1/3

The Quantum Model

Physicists have developed a theory called The Quantum

Model that explains what the world is and what holds it
together. It is a simple and comprehensive theory that
explains all the hundreds of particles and complex
interactions with only:
6 quarks- up/down, charm/strange, and top/bottom
Compose protons and neutrons
6 leptons- The best-known lepton is the electron.
Force carrier particles- like the photon.

All the known matter particles are composites of quarks and leptons, and
they interact by exchanging force carrier particles.

He

QuantumParticles
Example:
Protons have two up and one down quark.
Neutrons have two down and one up quark.

AtomBuilderactivity

Furtherlayersofsubstructure:
uquark:
electriccharge=2/3
dquark:
electriccharge=1/3

Proton=uud
electriccharge=1
Neutron=udd
electriccharge=0
www.cpepweb.org

Ifeachprotonwere10cmacross,eachquarkwouldbe.
1mminsizeandthewholeatomwouldbe10kmwide.