DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

Contents of
presentation

HV Distribution System
1. Radial System
2. Closed Loop System
3. Open Loop System
4. Double Supply System
5. Grid Form Of HV System
LV Distribution System
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Definition of Distribution
system :Distribution system is that part of the
power system which distributes power from
distribution substation to local use .
Generally the higher voltage for
distribution is 11000v and the lower
voltages are 400 v and 220v.

General layout of
distribution system

33KV

Sub station
11KV

11KV
Distribution

Distribution
Transformer

Substation

0.4KV
4

Radial
system
In this system all the sections/branches of a
feeder are fed from a single source in a fixed
direction
Load
lLLoad
L
Load
oad
Generator

Load
oad
5

Contd
In this it is shown that
there are two primary
feeders
from
which
further
sub
feeders
supply
to
there
respective loads. If any
one of the feeder
becomes faulty then
supply through that
feeder has to cut so no
reliability
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Merits
1. Very Simple in design :-

Suitable size of
conductor.
Very simple protection
schemes.
Maintenance easy.
Easy fault location.
2.

Cheapest system :Less capital cost as different

sizes of
conductors can be used
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Demerits
1. Very poor service reliability:In case of fault on a feeder the
supply to consumers from those feeders is cutoff
and restored on fault removal.
2.

Excessive voltage drop and line losses :Due to passage of total current
through the common main section of the feeder,
voltage drop(IR) and line losses will be more as
compared to other system.
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CLOSED LOOP
SYSTEM
If a HT line emanating from a Grid station
and covering the load area in shape of a
loop, finishes at the same Grid station
returning it is called closed loop and the
system is called closed loop system.

Typical closed loop system

Bus bar
circuit breaker
transformer
Sectionalizing
switch

Load
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Merits of closed loop

system
1.

This system
system.

is

more

reliable

than

radial

If any fault in the

system occurs then the breaker at grid station open and
the consumers dont have to wait very long till the
rectification of the fault as in the case of Radial system.

2.

Less voltage drop, less line losses

As compared to radial system the voltage drop and line
losses is less.

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Demerits of closed loop

system
This is an expensive system because
of the following reasons.
It requires extra length of loop to complete the loop back to

sub-station.

Each

transformer
sectionalizers .

has

to

be

provided

with

two

If loop size is so large then the fault location time may

exceed up to 5 to 6 hours. and if consumers are without
electricity for this time then there is no justification to
install such a system
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OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

In a closed-loop system with two
breakers,
if
one
of
the
two
sectionalizers of low-load-section is
kept normally open, the system is
named as open-loop system.

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STATION CIRCUIT
BREAKER

SUBSTATION BUS
SWITCH
(CLOSED)

HRC FUSE

Load

Switch(OPEN)

TRANSFORMER

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

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Comparison between
open
& closed loop system
CLOSED-LOOP

OPEN-LOOP

If fault occurs, the supply

The effect of
fault is
of the whole loop goes off. limited to faulty
part
as one circuit breaker
operates.
Total loop has to be
The faulty part of the
loop is inspects for fault location.
clearly
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known

Double Supply System :-

Double supply system is that system in which

additional radial feeder is provided side by
side to feed the same consumer. This means
that side by connecting of radial feeder in a
parallel manner. It uses automatic change
over switches.

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DOUBLE SUPPLY SYSTEM

Substation

Circuit
Breaker Sectionalizing
switch
LOAD

FUSE

Substation Bus1
Bus 2

TRANSFORMER
S
LOAD

17

Merits:Higher service reliability.

Less line losses.

Demerits: Very Expensive

Extra feeders are installed which doubles

the cost.
Cost of sectionalizers.
Additional length of line needed to connect
the
feeder to the transformer.
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GRID FORM OF H.V

SYSTEM
In this system all the distribution transformers of a
load area,
are interconnected providing normally two or
more alternatives. while the whole system is fed from two or
more supply sources.
But availability can not be improved through
manual operation of sectionalizer to isolate faulty section
during emergency as it will take quite a considerable time to
identify the faulty section and to determine the better
alternative.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GRID FORM OF H.VDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
132KV BUS BAR
C.B

C.B

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
C.B

C.B

11KV BUS BAR

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER

400 VOLT

C.B
C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B

C.B
400 VOLT

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THANK YOU

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