Unit-II Data Input & Output

UNIT-II : DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Types of data - spatial and non-spatial
data
Vector data structures Merits and
Demerits
Topology
Raster data structures Merits and Demerits
Data input Methods
Data output
Unit - II
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Output - T. Magendran
Unit - II
DATA
INPUT
AND
OUTPUT
Data Input - Collection

Stages in Data Collection Projects
Planning
Evaluation
Preparation
Editing/Improvement
Unit - II
Digitizing/transfer


Data Collection Techniques
Data
Field/Raster
Object/Vector
Primary
Digital Remote
Sensing images
GPS measurements
Digital Aerial
photographs
Survey measurements
Secondary Scanned maps

DEMs from maps
Unit - II
Topographic surveys
Topographic data sets
from atlases


Primary Data capture
Capture specifically for GIS use

Raster remote sensing
Passive and active sensors
Resolution is key consideration
Unit - II
e.g. IRS and IKONOS satellites and aerial photography
Spatial
Spectral
Temporal

Remote Sensing Data:
Satellite Data
Unit - 6
II

Remote Sensing Data:
Aerial Photographs
Unit - 7
II

Surveying
Locations of objects
determines by angle and
distance measurements
from known locations
Uses expensive field

equipment
Most accurate method for

large scale, small areas
Unit - 8
II

GPS
Collection of satellites
used to fix locations on
Earths surface
Differential GPS used to

improve accuracy
Unit - 9
II

Secondary Data Capture
Data collected for other purposes can be

converted for use in GIS
Raster conversion
Unit - II
Scanning of maps, aerial photographs, documents,

etc
Important scanning parameters are spatial and

spectral (bit depth) resolution

10
Spatial Data Input &

Capture
Modes of Data Input:
Unit - II
Keyboard entry
Manual locating devices (digitizing)
Automated devices (scanning)
Conversion directly from other digital sources

11

Capture
Keyboard entry:
Only feasible for simple data and especially good for data in
point format.
Can also be used for simple lines and polygons.
Time consuming.
Potential for mistakes in transposing data.
Boring and tedious.
Very good when you have exact geographic coordinates.

Unit - II

12

Capture
Manual
locating devices (digitizing)
Often, digital data for a GIS project is not available, so it must

be created from other existing sources like paper maps
Digitizing is the process where features on a map or image

are converted into digital format for use in GIS.
Digitizing converts the features on the map into three basic

data types:
Points zero dimensional objects

Lines one dimensional objects
Polygons two dimensional objects
Unit - II

13

Capture
Captures map data by tracing

lines from a map by hand
Uses a cursor and an

electronically-sensitive tablet.
Result is a string of points with

(x, y) values
Unit -14
II

Capture
Manual locating devices (digitizing):
Manual digitizing (human operator, control points)
On-tablet:
Paper map on tablet
On-screen: Scanned image of map shown on screen
Automatic digitizing
Unit - II
GIS finds features from scanned image with little or no

interaction from operator.
Source document must be scanned first.

15

Capture
Manual
locating devices (digitizing)
On Tablet Digitizing:
Tablet digitizing requires a person to enter
coordinate information through the use of a
digitizing tablet and digitizing puck
A digitizing tablet is a hardened surface with a

fine electrical wire grid under the surface.
Digitizing tablets are either hardened, more

stationary tables or rollup boards for portability
A digitizing puck is an electrical device with

cross hairs and multiple buttons to perform data
entry operations
Unit -16
II

Capture
Manual Digitizing:
Unit - II
On Tablet Digitizing

17

Capture
Manual Digitizing:
Unit - II
On Tablet Digitizing

18

Capture
The typical steps for digitizing a paper map require:
1.
Physical Preparation
2.
Digital Preparation
3.
Digital Collection
Unit - II
Digitizer Set up
Map preparation
Map registration
Feature collection
Feature correction
Save, save, save

19

Capture
On-screen
On-screen more comfortable for the operator
On-screen generally more accurate ( zooming facilities )
On-screen faster (semi-automatic, digitizing and editing at the

same time)
On-screen up-dating procedure ( geometrically corrected satellite

imagery and scanned aerial photos can be overlaid with the old
vector data )
Digitizing tablet easier to do larger maps

Unit - II

20

Capture
Scanning
Captured image is a raster.
Records intensity of illumination
Scanned image needs to be converted to a vector
Vectorization
Unit - II
Process that attempts to digitize points, lines and areas

from scanned image consisting of pixels.
21

Capture
Automated
devices (scanning):
On-screen Digitizing: Vectorization
Unit -22
II

Capture
Automatic Digitizing
Source document must be scanned first.
GIS finds features from scanned image with little or no

interaction from operator.
Automatic Vectorization.
Unit - II

23

Capture
Automatic Digitizing:
Original Paper Map
Unit -24
II

Capture
Scanned Image
Unit -25
II

Capture
Skeletonisation and line forming
Unit -26
II

Capture
Automatic Digitizing
Unit -27
II

Capture
After post-processing
Unit -28
II

Capture
Problems with Automatic Digitizing
Unit - II
Line breaks
Dashed lines
Annotation or features
Which direction?
Converging lines
Stains, wrinkles and extras

29

Capture
Digitizing process
Unit -30
II

Capture
Conversion directly from other digital sources
Unit - II
Using an Internet browser to select and download
FTP- File Transfer Protocol
Transfer on hardware
Tape
External hard drive
CD or DVD
USB key
Floppy

31
Spatial Data Editing
Unit - II

32

Spatial data editing refers to the removal of errors
and updating of digital maps.
Newly digitized maps always have some errors.
Digital maps showing roads, land parcels, forest
inventory, and other data require regular revision
and updating.
Updating digital maps is basically the same as
correcting errors on a newly digitized map.
Unit - II

33
Reasons for editing
Changing a spatial projection

Edge matching GIS databases to other databases
Generalization and transformation processes
necessary to convert a GIS database to a specific
format or resolution
Errors in Spatial Data
Unit - II
Locational error
Topographic errors
Non-topographical errors
34

Locational Errors
Locational errors relate to the location of map

features on a digitized map.
Several scenarios may explain the discrepancies

between digitized lines and lines on the source map.
Unit - II
Human errors in manual digitizing.

Errors in scanning and tracing.
Errors in converting the digitized map to real world
coordinates.

35

Node
Topological Errors
Topology describes the connectivity of

the lines and nodes. Here in example,
lines A and B are connected by node b.
So line A goes from node a to node b.
Line B goes from node b to node c.
We can create a whole string of lines
and put them together into an area
too. Just like a line, polygons dont
really exist. They simply represent the
relationship among lines, which in turn
represent the relationship among
points.
ine
L
B
Polygon
Unit -36
II
Now we have described our location

(with x,y coordinates), and our
connectivity. What if we had two
polygons P1 and P2, could we define
the adjacency? Yes, here is how:
Line 1 goes from node a to node b.

Line 2 goes from node a to node b.
Line 3 goes from node b to node a.
Polygon P1 is to the left of line 2, and

to the right of line 1.
Polygon P2 is to the right of line 2, and
to the right of line 3.
Polygon
P1
P2
Lines
1,2
2,3
Unit -37
II

So, we can create a table that clearly describes location,
adjacency, connectivity and containment, or more
specifically, a topology table
Line
1
2
3
Unit - II
FromNode
a
a
b
ToNode
b
b
a
LeftPolygon
0
P1
0

RightPolygon
P1
P2
P2
38

Topological Errors
Overshoots
Undershoots
Sliver polygons
Unit -39
II

Topological Errors
Unit -40
II

Edge Matching
One digital map may encompass many paper maps.

But when the paper maps are laid edge-to-edge,
features running across the boundaries of the map
sheets are not always properly aligned.
These misalignments occur for many reasons
including survey error, cartographic generalization,
and problems of map projection and compilation.
Edge matching is a term applied to a variety of
techniques employed to resolve these inconsistencies,
including warping and rubber sheeting
Unit - II

41
Spatial Data Transfer

Georeferencing
is a process defined as
registering, or fixing, data to a standard
coordinate system, thereby linking the
map to the earth
Georeferencing changes (transforms) the

digitized file into the coordinate system
of the map
Unit - II

42
Spatial Data Transfer

Georeferencing: Registering data to a Coordinate system
Unit -43
II
Conversions
Rasterisation
Vector to raster conversion

Smooth lines become jagged
Areas smaller that the pixel size disappear
Mixed pixel problem
Vectorization
Raster to vector conversion

Continuous versus discrete Rasters
Where to draw the lines becomes an issue
Tolerance
Lines typically are smoothed
Unit -44
II
DATA
OUTPUT
AND
PRESENTAT
ION
Unit - II
45
Data output and

presentation
The ways the data are displayed and how
the results of analyses are reported to the
users.
Data may be presented as maps, tables as
images on the computer screen, through
hardcopy output drawn on printer or
plotter to information recorded on
magnetic media in digital form.
Unit - II

46
Data output and

presentation
Unit - II

47
Output
Tables
Maps
Interactive Displays
3-D Perspective View
Rolta Academy-GSGISPP001-Introduction to
Geographical Information System
48
Know Geographical Features & Utility Better

Manage them well !
Unit - II
Live well !
magendran.t@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in49

Unit-II Data Input & Output

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Unit-II Data Input & Output

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UNIT-II : DATA BASE

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Data Input - Collection

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Data Input - Collection

Secondary Scanned maps

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Data Input - Collection

Capture specifically for GIS use

Passive and active sensors

Resolution is key consideration

e.g. IRS and IKONOS satellites and aerial photography

Data Input - Collection

Data Input - Collection

Data Input - Collection

Uses expensive field

Most accurate method for

Data Input - Collection

Differential GPS used to

Data Input - Collection

Data collected for other purposes can be

Scanning of maps, aerial photographs, documents,

Important scanning parameters are spatial and

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

Manual locating devices (digitizing)

Automated devices (scanning)

Conversion directly from other digital sources

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

Can also be used for simple lines and polygons.

Potential for mistakes in transposing data.

Boring and tedious.

Very good when you have exact geographic coordinates.

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

Often, digital data for a GIS project is not available, so it must

Digitizing is the process where features on a map or image

Digitizing converts the features on the map into three basic

Points zero dimensional objects

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

Captures map data by tracing

Uses a cursor and an

Result is a string of points with

Spatial Data Input &

Manual digitizing (human operator, control points)

Paper map on tablet

On-screen: Scanned image of map shown on screen

GIS finds features from scanned image with little or no

Source document must be scanned first.

Spatial Data Input &

A digitizing tablet is a hardened surface with a

Digitizing tablets are either hardened, more

A digitizing puck is an electrical device with

Spatial Data Input &

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT : Input &

Spatial Data Input &

On-screen more comfortable for the operator