Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LECTURE 9 & 10
Measurement of High-Voltages
A.C.H.V
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Electrostatic Voltmeter.
Spheregaps.
Uniform field Gaps.
Milliammeter in Series with Resistance.
Series Capacitance Voltmeters.
Potential Dividers (resistance or
Capacitance type).
Oscilloscope (CRO)
Potential Transformers.
3
Summary.
ii) D.C.H.V
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Electrostatic Voltmeter.
Spheregaps.
Uniform field Gaps.
series resistance mircoammeters.
Resistance potential Dividers.
Generating Voltmeter.
Series Impedance Ammeter.
Oscilloscope (CRO).
4
Summary.
iii) Transient / Impulses High Voltage.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Sphere Gaps.
Uniform field Gaps.
Oscilloscope (CRO). With delay
Cable.
Potential dividers.
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Pointer
Scale
Fixed Electrode
Spring
Gap
H.V
Electrostatic Voltmeters
An electrostatic voltmeter consists essentially of a pair of
parallel plane disc electrodes separated by a small
distance. The moving disc is surrounded by a fixed guardring and the two are at the same potential. This
arrangement makes the electrostatic field uniform in the
central portion of the gap between the moving and fixed
discs.
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Where
d
282
F
2
5l
V
Electrostatic Voltmeters
1.
Electrostatic Voltmeters
The main difference between the various types of electrostatic voltmeters is the manner in which the restoring
torque is obtained and the movement of the disc
indicated. In the simplest method the restoring torque is
obtained by a spring control which actuates a pointer
moving on the scale of the instrument.
10
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Electrostatic voltmeters for higher ranges have been constructed with compressed gas as the insulating medium
between the electrodes. One such instrument for
11
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Electrostatic Voltmeters
14
Electrostatic Voltmeters
15
Electrostatic Voltmeters
16
Fig: 2.
17
Electrostatic Voltmeters
Electrostatic Voltmeters
19
Electrostatic Voltmeters
2.
Sphere Gaps
Sphere Gaps
22
2.
Sphere Gaps
23
Sphere Gaps
24
Sphere Gaps
Tables 1.
25
26
Sphere Gaps
Tables 2.
27
28
29
Sphere Gaps
a)
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 4.
B
V m log
D
C
32
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 4.
33
Sphere Gaps
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 5(a).
35
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 5(b).
36
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
2.
a)
Sphere Gaps
a)
2.
Sphere Gaps
Ef of Nearby Earthed Objects
fe 3
Table:
ct
39
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
The breakdown voltage of an air gap is affected by the
atmospheric conditions and a correction factor has beenworked out to convert the breakdown voltage to the
standard atmospheric conditions of 760 mm Hg pressure
and 200C temperature. The breakdown voltage V at a
relative air density , and a voltage V at standard
n
atmospheric conditions are related by:
V KVn
40
2.
b)
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
Where K is a factor depending upon
p
293
760 273
Where
p = air pressure in mm Hg,
t = air temperature in centigrade.
41
b)
42
b)
2.
b)
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
Fig: 6.
44
b)
45
b)
2.
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
The effect of humidity on the breakdown voltage with 25-cm
diameter spheres was also studied with alternating voltage
over the range 6-15 mm Hg of water vapour. Fig: 7 shows
the two sets of results for a l-cm gap, and it can be seen
that the alternating breakdown voltages were in general
slightly lower than the direct voltage values but the
difference did not exceed 0.5 %.
47
2.
b)
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
Fig: 7
48
b)
1)
2)
3)
2.
b)
Sphere Gaps
Effect of Humidity
The first two effects may be attributed to the relative
values of ionization and attachment coefficients in air of
different humidities and at different voltage gradients. The
increase of humidity effect with the size of spheres was
explained by Kuffel) by taking into account the distribution
of the ionization and attachment coefficients along the
axis of the sphere gaps.
An analysis of the distribution of these coefficients
showed that the maximum effect for different sizes of
sphere occurred when the minimum values of the
effective ionization coefficient ( - n)
in the middle of
min
the gaps were approximately the same.
50
c)
c)
52
c)
53
2.
c)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 8.
54
c)
55
2.
c)
Sphere Gaps
Fig: 9.
56
c)
Sphere Gaps
c)
Sphere Gaps
c)
59
c)
the
flashover
Several
workers
have
studied
characteristics of sphere gaps under po frequency
and impulse voltages. These studies showwer
that for shorter
spacings the breakdown curves coincided, but in longer
gaps the positive impulse breakdown curve rose above
the negative impulse breakdown curve by an amount
depending upon the sphere diameter and ga length.
p
60
c)
Sphere Gaps
61
2.
d)
Sphere Gaps
Procedure of Measurement
Procedure of Measurement
63
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
V = AS+B S
65
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Fig: 16.
67
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
v = 24.4S+7.50 S kV(peak)
68
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
70
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Fig: 17
71
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
V = 24.22S + 6.08
(peak).
S kV
Bruce
72
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
74
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Fig: 18
76
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
77
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
79
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
S kV (peak), Holzer
S kV (peak). Ritz
80
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
results of these
to different test
th voltages were
e
81
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Fig: 17.
82
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
83
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
The impulse breakdown characteristics of the uniformfield gap has not yet been studied extensively.
Holzer made a study with impulse voltages of
differentrate of rise and observed an increase of about
4% in the breakdown voltage for a 12-cm gap above the
static breakdown voltage when an impulse voltage of a
rate of rise of 9.3X 108 kV /s was used.
84
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
85
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Table: 8.
87
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
The results in Table 5.8 show that for gaps greater than
0.2 cm long, irradiation produced practically no effect on
the breakdown voltage.
88
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
91
Measurement of High-Voltages
3.
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
I
R
V
=IR
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
Wire-wound resistances have often been used for highvoltage measurements and one such design is due to
Taylor.
One hundred units ( M, 1W) made of Ni-Cr wire were
arranged in twenty sets of 5 units each. Each set was
mounted in a spun aluminium corona shield with an
insulating lid made of hard rubber or pyrex glass. A spring
contact was provided between each resistance set and
the aluminium cover ofthe next set.
95
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
96
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
Fig: 19.
97
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
98
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
100
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
101
Measurement of High-Voltages
4.
Fig: 21
102
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
Fig: 22.
104
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
i
Q
dQ
dt
,i c
dv
dt
idtC de2
fCE
1
f
4
3 f
3/4 f
1/4 f
105
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
106
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
108
Measurement of High-Voltages
5.
109
Measurement of High-Voltages
6.
Potential Dividers
Low impedance
Z1
Z2
V2
Measurement of High-Voltages
6.
Potential Dividers
111
Measurement of High-Voltages
6.
Potential Dividers
112
Measurement of High-Voltages
6.
Potential Dividers
Measurement of High-Voltages
6.
Potential Dividers
114
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
115
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
3)
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
4)
5)
117
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
118
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
119
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
The layout of the test object and the divider needs special
attention to minimize the recording error. The test object
is generally located not very close to the divider in order
to avoid the possibility of the divider distorting the field
near the object. Under these circumstances the
inductance of the loop formed by the divider and the
connections to the test object may cause considerable
errors.
120
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
123
Measurement of High-Voltages
7.
Fig: 24.
124
Measurement of High-Voltages
8.
Mixed Divider
125
Measurement of High-Voltages
8.
Mixed Divider
Fig: 25.
126
Measurement of High-Voltages
8.
Mixed Divider
Fig: 26.
127
Measurement of High-Voltages
9.
Delay Cable
H.V
Z1
Delay Cable
Z2
CRO
Measurement of High-Voltages
9.
Delay Cable
129
Measurement of High-Voltages
9.
Delay Cable
Measurement of High-Voltages
9.
Delay Cable
131
Measurement of High-Voltages
9.
Delay Cable
132