VERSATILE NATURE OF

CARBON

 The compounds which are made up of carbon are

known as ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and Organic
chemistry is the term applied originally to the study of
substances connected directly with animals and
plants, so it is derived from the word organism.
Today the study of organic chemistry is very important
because it help us to understand the phenomena
living in the world. Synthetic fibres, plastic, medicines,
artificial sweeteners are product of industrial organic
chemistry and the energy that man uses in every
industrial activity derives mainly from the combustion
of organic material found in coal an crude oil ORGANIC
CHEMISTARY


Carbon is an element.The symbol of carbon is C .It
is a non-metal. The name carbon is derived from
latin word carbo which means coal. This is
because carbon is the main constituent of coal.
The amount of carbon present in the earths crust
& atmosphere is very small. For example,the
earths crust contains only 0.02% carbon in the
form of minerals(like carbonates,coal & petroleum
etc.),and the atmosphere has only 0.03% of Co2.
WHAT IS CARBON ???


In spite of the small amount of carbon available in nature,carbon
element has immense importance in every sphere of life. The
importance of carbon can be gauged from the fact that we are
ourselves made of carbon compounds. In fact,all the living
things,plants & animals,are made up of carbon
compounds(called organic compounds) A large no. of things
which we use in our daily life are made of carbon
compounds.Our food materials like
grains,pulsessugar,tea,coffee,fruits & vegetables,etc., are
carbon compounds. The materials like cotton, silk , wool, nylon
& polysterwhich are used for making clothes are carbon
compounds. It is clear that carbon plays a veryimp. role in our
daily life. IMPORTANCE OF CARBON..


We can test the presence of carbon in a
material on the basis of the fact that carbon &
its compounds burn in air to give Co2 gas
which turns lime water milky. This test can be
performed as follows: Burn the given material
in air. Pass the gas formed through lime
water.If the lime water turns milky, then the
given material contains carbon. TO TEST THE
PRESENCE OF CARBON IN A GIVEN MATERIAL..


Electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p2 Electronegativity 2.55
Covalent radius 0.077 nm Carbon has four valence electrons
and it must either gain four electrons or lose four electrons to
reach a rare-gas configuration. Carbon therefore forms
covalent bonds with a large number of other elements,
including the hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
sulfur found in living systems. Because they are relatively
small, carbon atoms can come close enough together to form
strong C=C double bonds or even C C triple bonds. Carbon
also forms strong double and triple bonds to nitrogen and
oxygen. It can even form double bonds to elements such as
phosphorus or sulfur that do not form double bonds to
themselves. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON


The chemical bond formed by sharing of
electrons b/w two atoms is known as a covalent
bond.It is formed when both the reacting atoms
need to achieve inert gas
configuaration.Whenever a non-metal combines
with another non-metal,sharing of electrons
takes place b/w their atoms & a covalent bond
is formed.COVALENT BONDING IS OF THREE
TYPES: WHAT IS COVALENT BONDING??????

LOW MELTING & BOILING POINTS:-They are made

up of electrically neutral molecules.So,the force
of attraction b/w the molecules of a compound is
very weak. Covalent compounds are insoluble in
water but they are soluble in organic solvents.
Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
because they dont contain ions. Covalent
compounds are usually liquids or gases.only
some of them are solids. PROPERTIES OF
COVALENT COMPOUNDS


If carbon could gain 4 electrons forming C4-anion.But
it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to
hold on to ten electrons,that is, four extra electrons. If
carbon could lose 4 electrons forming C4+ cation.But
it would require a large amount of energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind a carbon with six protons
in its nucleus holdind on to just two electrons. Carbon
overcomes this problem by sharing its valence
electrons with other atoms of other elements. WHY
CARBON DOES NOT GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS????


CARBON IS TETRAVALENT:-Since carbon has a valency
of four,it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of
carbon or atoms of other mono-valent element at a
time.That is why carbon forms a large no. of
compounds with
oxygen,nitrogen,sulphur,chlorine,hydrogen & many
other elements. CATENATION:-Carbon has the unique
ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon,giving
rise to large no. of compounds.This property is called
catenation.The nature of covalent bond enables the
carbon to form a large no. of compounds. VERSATILE
NATURE OF CARBON


IN FREE STATE,carbon occurs in nature mainly in two
forms:diamond & graphite.Another naturally occurring
form of carbon called buckministerfullerene has been
discovered recently.Only a small amount of carbon
occurs as free element in the earths crust.Most of
carbon occurs in the combined state. IN COMBINED
STATE,carbon occurs in nature in the form of
compounds such as:i) Co2in air.
ii)carbonates(limestone,marble & chalk). iii)Fossil
fuels .iv)wood,cotton & wool. v) organic compounds like
carbohydrates,fats & proteins. OCCURRENCE OF
CARBON


The various physical forms in which
an element can exist are called
allotropes of carbon.The three
allotropes of carbon are : i)Diamond
ii)Graphite iii)Buckministerfullerene
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON


i)It is extremely i)It is very soft. i)It is neither
hard hard nor soft ii)It has a tetra- ii)It has
hexagonal ii)It constitutes 20 Hedral structure
rings. hexaganol & 12 penta gonal rings. iii)It
doesnt con- iii)It conducts iii) somewhat it is
able ducts electricity. electricity. to conduct
electricity. iv)It has very high iv)It has very low
iv) It has intermediate density . density.
Density. DIAMOND GRAPHITE BUCKMINISTER
FULLERENE


i)It is used in cutting instruments like
glass cutters & in rock drilling
equipment. ii)Diamonds are used for
making jewellery. iii)Sharp-edged
diamonds are used by eye-surgeons
as a tool to remove cataract from
eyes with a great precision. Tetrahedrel structure of Diamond USES OF
DIAMOND


i)It is used as a lubricant for the fast moving parts of
machinery. ii)It is used for making electrodes
HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE in dry cells. OF GRAPHITE
iii)It is used for making the cores of our pencils called
pencil leads & black paints. WHY GRAPHITE IS ABLE
TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY?? In graphite crystal,each
carbon atom is joined to 3 other carbon atoms by
covalent bonds due to hexagonal rings.Thus fourth
electron is free to move.Due to presence of free
electrons,it conducts electricity. USES OF GRAPHITE


A compound made up of hydrogen & carbon only is
called hydrocarbon(Hydrogen +
carbon=hydrocarbon). The most imp. Source of
hydrocarbons is petroleum(or crude oil)which is
obtained from underground oil deposits by drilling
oil wells.The natural gas which occurs above
petroleum deposits also contains hydrocarbons.
TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS:-They are of two types:saturated hydrocarbons & unsaturated
hydrocarbons HYDROCARBONS


A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are
connected by only single bonds is called a
saturated hydrocarbon. Alkanes are also said
to be saturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are
chemically not reactive.They are quite
unreactive. The general formula of alkanes is
CnH2n+2.Where n is the no. of carbon atoms
in one one molecule of the alkanes.
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

 STRUCTURES & MOLECULAR

FORMULAE OF FIRST FIVE
ALKANES :
STRUCTURES & MOLECULAR
FORMULAE OF FIRST FIVE ALKANES


A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms
are connected by a double bond or a triple
bond is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Alkenes or alkynes are also called unsaturated
hydrocarbons . These hydrocarbons are
chemically very reactive. They are obtained
mostly from petroleum by a process called
cracking. These are of two types:-Alkenes &
Alkynes UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

 An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which

the two carbon atoms are connected
by a double bond is called an alkene.
The general formula of an alkene is
CnH2n where n is the no. of carbon
atoms in its one molecule. The
names & molecular formula of the
first 3 alkenes are given below.The
simplest alkene is ethene . ALKENES


An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the
two carbon atoms are connected by a
triple bond is called an alkyne. The
general formula of an alkyne is CnH2n-2
where n is the no. of carbon atoms in one
molecule of the alkyne. The names &
molecular formulae of the first 3 alkynes
are given below.The simplest alkyne is
ETHYNE. ETHYNE:- H H C C ALKYNES


CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS These alternating
single and double bond hydrocarbons form
a ring. Many of these compounds have
strong aromas or odors. An unsaturated
cyclic hydrocarbon is benzene.The Formula
of benzene is C6H6 & the Structure of
benzene is shown Alongside.
Organic Chemistry:Functional Groups :
Organic Chemistry:Functional Groups

Functional groups :
Functional groups Functional groups
are parts of molecules that result in
characteristic features About 100
functional groups exist, we will focus
on some of them Useful to group the
infinite number of possible organic
compound. Some of the imp.
Functional groups present in organic
compounds are : i)Halo group
ii)Alcohol group iii)Aldehyde group
iv)Ketone group v)Carboxylic group


The elements chlorine,bromine
&iodine are collectively known as
halogens & are represented by the
general symbol X.The haloalkanes
can be written as R-X(Where R is an
alkyl group & X is the halogen atom).
The first four members of haloalkanes
are given in the table.We can also
write the corresponding
bromoalkanes or iodoalkanes.
CHLOROMETHANE H H C Cl H HALO
GROUP

The alcohol group consists of one

oxygen atom & one hydrogen atom
joined together. This group is also
known as hydroxyl group. The general
formula is R-OH(where R is an alkyl
group & OH is the alcohol
group).ETHANOL H H H C C OH H H
ALCOHOL GROUP: -OH

The aldehyde group consists of 1

carbon,1 oxygen,1 hydrogen atom
joined together. This group is
attached either to a hydrogen atom
or an alkyl group. The aldehydes can
be represented by general formula RCHO(where R is an alkyl group).
ETHANAL H O H C C H H ALDEHYDE
GROUP: -CHO OR H C O