Evolution of cellular

technologies

3G Overview
3G is created by ITU-T and is called
IMT-2000 IMT-2000, International Mobile Telecommunications

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
time division duplex- code division multiple access
Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
Universal Wireless Communications
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Broadband
in wide area

3G-specific
3G-specific services
services take
take
advantage
advantage of
of higher
higher bandwidth
bandwidth
and/or
and/or real-time
real-time QoS
QoS

Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
AAnumber
number of
of mobile
mobile
Multitasking
multimedia and games
services
services are
are bearer
bearer
WEB
browsing
Multicasting
independent
independent in
in nature
nature
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Presence/location
Voice & SMS
Push-to-talk
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)

GSM
9.6
kbps

GPRS
171
kbps

EGPRS
473
kbps

WCDMA
2
Mbps

HSDPA
1-10
Mbps

GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection
~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when
nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
Enhanced Data Rates for Global
GSM
Evolution
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one
mprovement in data rate on short
timeslot)
distances
GSM Data
Can fall back to GMSK for greater
Also called CSD
distances
GSM
GPRS Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the
time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable
delays

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS)
UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS
or EDGE
The standardization work for UMTS is
carried out by Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP)
Data rates of UMTS are:
144 kbps for rural
384 kbps for urban outdoor
2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

UMTS Frequency Spectrum

UMTS Band
1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G
transmission
In the US, 17101755MHz and 2110
2155MHz will be used instead, as the
1900MHz band was already used.

UMTS Architecture
Mobile Station

ME

SIM

Base Station
Subsystem

BTS

BSC

Network Subsystem

MSC/
VLR

EIR

Other Networks

GMSC

HLR

PSTN

AUC

PLMN

RNS
ME

USIM

S
D

Node
B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

UTRAN

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

Gateway GPRS support

node (GGSN)[
Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a
main component of the GPRS network. The
GGSN is responsible for the internetworking
between the GPRS network and external
packet switched networks, like the Internet
From an external network's point of view,
the GGSN is a router to a "sub-network",
because the GGSN hides the GPRS
infrastructure from the external network.

Gateway GPRS support

node (GGSN)[
When the GGSN receives data addressed to a
specific user, it checks if the user is active. If
it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN
serving the mobile user, but if the mobile
user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the
other hand, mobile-originated packets are
routed to the right network by the GGSN.
The GGSN is the anchor point that enables
the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/
UMTS networks

Gateway GPRS support

node (GGSN)[
The GGSN converts the GPRS packets
coming from the SGSN into the
appropriate packet data protocol
(PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and
sends them out on the corresponding
packet data network

Serving GPRS support

node (SGSN)
A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is
responsible for the delivery of data packets from
and to the mobile stations within its
geographical service area.
Its tasks include packet routing and transfer,
mobility management (attach/detach and
location management), authentication and
charging functions. The location register of the
SGSN stores location information.

UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS network architecture consists of
three domains
Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing
and transit for user traffic
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN): Provides the air interface access
method for user equipment.
User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air
interface counterpart for base stations. The
various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI,
MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV

UTRAN
Wide band CDMA technology is selected for
UTRAN air interface
Base stations are referred to as Node-B and
control equipment for Node-B is called as Radio
Network Controller (RNC).
Functions of Node-B are
Air Interface Tx/Rx
Modulation/Demodulation

Functions of RNC are:

Radio Resource Control

Channel Allocation
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Ciphering
Segmentation and reassembly

3.5G (HSPA)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an
amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols,
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing
WCDMA protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will
enhance the UMTS technology in future.

4G (LTE)
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
Promises data transfer rates of 100
Mbps
Based on UMTS 3G technology
Optimized for All-IP traffic

LTE

Background of LTE
key requirements was defined for the new
system
Packet-switched domain optimization
Roundtrip time between server and user equipment (UE)
must be bellow 30ms and access delay below 300 ms
Uplink peak rate 75 Mbps
Downlink peak rate 300Mbps
Improvements to mobility and security
Terminal power efficiency improvements
Capacity increase compared to 3GPP release 6
(HSDPA/HSUPA

Comparison of LTE Speed

HSPA vs LTE

Advantages of LTE

Major LTE Radio Technogies

Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
Uses Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
for uplink
Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO)
for enhanced throughput
Reduced power consumption

OFDMA & SC-FDMA

The LTE air interface uses Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Also to reach the agreed
data levels multiple input / multiple output (MIMO)
technologies, together with high rate modulation
OFDMA is used in the downlink of LTE but for the
uplink Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA)
OFDM-based technology was chosen for the following
reason
it can achieve the targeted high data rates with
simpler implementations involving relatively low
cost and power-efficient hardware

multiple input / multiple output

(MIMO)
To minimize the effects of noise and
to increase the spectrum utilization
and link reliability LTE uses MIMO
technique to send the data. The
basic idea of MIMO is to use multiple
antennas at receiver end and use
multiple transmitters when sending
the data

LTE impact on network

architecture
The LTE network architecture is an overall
flat architecture
It consists of an e-Node B and SAE
gateway. This network is based on a TCP/IP
protocol with higher service levels like
voice, video, messaging, etc. built on it.
Based on this, feasibility studies related to
All IP networks (AIPNs) were started in
2004 by the 3GPP

LTE Architecture

LTE vs UMTS
Functional changes compared to the
current UMTS architecture

LTE Release 8 Key Features

(1/2)
Highspectralefficiency
OFDM inDownlink
SingleCarrierFDMAinUplink

Verylowlatency
Shortsetuptime&Shorttransferdelay
Shorthand
overlatencyandinterruptiontime

Supportofvariablebandwidth
1.4,3,5,10,15and20MHz
27

LTE Release 8 Key Features

(2/2)
Compatibilityandinterworkingwithe
arlier3GPPReleases
FDDandTDDwithinasingleradioac
cess technology
EfficientMulticast/Broadcast

28

Evolution of LTE-Advanced
(4G)
Advanced Multi-cell
Transmission/Reception Techniques
Enhanced Multi-antenna
Transmission Techniques
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTEAdvanced

29

LTE-Advanced (4G)
Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are
expected from bandwidths of
100MHz. OFDM adds additional subcarrier to increase bandwidth

30

LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

31