Earthquake Resistant Design of

Concrete Structures

Asokan

27 Jan 2011

slide 1

Contents

Introduction

Behaviour of Structures

Introduction to IS 1893

Seismic Coefficient Method

Response Spectrum Method

Ductile Detailing as per IS 13920

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27 Jan 2011

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Analysis

Basic equation of force

M + c + kx = F(x)
Our task is to find out x?, hence base
shear.
Linear static
Non linear
Static Analysis static
Linear dynamic
Non linear
Dynamic Analysisdynamic

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27 Jan 2011

Eq. static
method
Pushover
analysis
Response
spectrum
Time history
slide 3

IS:1893

Code is only for ensuring minimum

requirements. Not as a BIBLE. So
understanding the code is important
IS:1893 first published in 1962.
Revised in 1966, 1970, 1975, 1984, and now
in 2002.
Beginning 2002, this code is being split into
several parts

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So that revisions can take place more frequently!

Only Part 1, Part IV of the code have been

published. Other parts may take a while.
27 Jan 2011

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Different Parts of IS:1893

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Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings

Part 2: Liquid Retaining Tanks Elevated
and Ground Supported
Part 3: Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part 4: Industrial Structures Including
Stack Like Structures
Part 5: Dams and Embankments

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Earthquake Design Principle

The criteria is:

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Minor (and frequent) earthquakes should not

cause damage
Moderate earthquakes should not cause
significant structural damage (but could have
some non-structural damage)
Major (and infrequent) earthquakes should not
cause collapse

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Seismic Coefficient Method

Design base Shear:
Z

2

VB Ah Ta W

Sa
Ta
g
W
R

where,
Ah(Ta) = Design horizontal acceleration
spectrum
W
= Seismic weight

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27 Jan 2011

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Fundamental Natural Period (Cl.

7.6)

For frame buildings without brick infills

For all other buildings, including frame

buildings with brick infill panels:

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T a= 0.075 h0.75,for RC frame bldgs

T a= 0.085 h0.75,for steel frame bldgs

T a= 0.09h/(d)

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Importance Factor (I)

Higher value for more important

structures.
Table 6 of Part I of the code gives values of
importance factor for buildings in Table 6.

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For other structures, the values will be given in

the respective parts of the code.
Hospitals = 2.00

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Zone factor

Values of seismic zone factor (Z) in the

code are quite empirical

Asokan

Not based on any rational analysis of expected

EPGA and service life.

Zone

Area liable to shaking

intensity

Zone
Factor

II

VI (and lower)

0.10

III

VII

0.16

IV

VIII

0.24

IX

0.36

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Seismic Weight (Cl.3.29)

It is the total weight of the building plus

that part of the service load which may
reasonably be expected to be attached to
the building at the time of earthquake
shaking.

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It includes permanent and movable partitions,

permanent equipment, etc.
It includes a part of the live load

Buildings designed for storage purposes

are likely to have larger percent of service
load present at the time of shaking.
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Response Spectrum/Design
Spectrum

A plot of maximum response (SDOF) versus natural

period for a given accelerogram is called response
spectrum.
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient (Sa /g)

Design Spectrum

Resp. spectrum

Period(s)
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27 Jan 2011

5%damping
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Response Reduction Factor

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Overstrength, redundancy, and ductility

together lead to the fact that an
earthquake resistant structure can be
designed for much lower force than is
implied by a strong shaking.
The combined effect of overstrength,
redundancy and ductility is expressed in
terms of Response Reduction Factor (R)
See Fig. on next slide.

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Total Horizontal Load

Maximum force F
if structure remainsel
elastic
Maximum F
y
Load Capacity
Load at
First
Yield

Fs

Total
Horizontal
Load
Linear Elastic
Response

Due to
Ductility
Non linear
Response

Due to
Redundancy

First
Significant
Yield

Due to
Overstrength

Design Fdes
force

Figure:
Courtesy Dr. C
V R Murty

max
Roof Displacement ()

Response
Reduction
Factor

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Maximum
Elastic
Force(Fel)
Design
Force(Fdes)

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Direction of Ground Motion (Cl.

6.1.5)

During earthquake shaking, ground shakes

in all possible directions.

Basic requirement is that the structure

should be able to withstand maximum
ground motion occurring in any direction.

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Direction of resultant shaking changes from

instant to instant.

We already discussed that for most structures,

main concern is for horizontal vibrations rather
than vertical vibrations.

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Direction of Ground Motion (Cl. 6.1.5) (contd)

One does not expect the peak ground

acceleration to occur at the same instant
in two perpendicular horizontal directions.
Hence for design, maximum seismic force
is not applied in the two horizontal
directions simultaneously.
If the walls or frames are oriented in two
orthogonal (perpendicular) directions:

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It is sufficient to consider ground motion in the

two directions one at a time.

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Building Plans with Orthogonal Systems

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27 Jan 2011

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walls

Building Plans with Non-Orthogonal Systems

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27 Jan 2011

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Direction of Earthquake
Loading

During earthquake, ground moves in all

directions; the resultant direction changes
every instant.
Ground motion can resolved in two
horizontal and one vertical direction.
Structure should be able to withstand
ground motion in any direction
Two horizontal components of ground
motion tend to be comparable

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Say, the epicentre is to the north of a site.

Ground motion at site in the north-south and
east-west directions will still be comparable.
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Direction of Horizontal Ground Motion in

Design (Cl.6.3.2.1)

Asokan

Consider a building in which horizontal

(also termed as lateral) load is resisted by
frames or walls oriented in two
perpendicular directions, say X and Z.
One must consider design ground motion
to act in X-direction, and in Z-direction,
separately
That is, one does not assume that the
design motion in X is acting simultaneously
with the design motion in the Z-direction
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Cl.6.3.2.1 (contd)

Asokan

If at a given instant, motion is in any

direction other than X or Z, one can
resolve it into X- and Z-components, and
the building will still be safe if it is
designed for X- and Z- motions, separately.
Minor typo in this clause: direction at
time should be replaced by direction at
a time

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Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2)

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When the lateral load resisting elements

are NOT oriented along two perpendicular
directions
In such a case, design for X- and Zdirection loads acting separately will be
unconservative for elements not oriented
along X- and Z-directions.

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Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2) (contd)

A lateral load resisting element (frame or

wall) is most critical when loading is in
direction of the element.
It may be too tedious to apply lateral loads
in each of the directions in which the
elements are oriented.
For such cases, the building may be
designed for:

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100% design load in X-direction and 30% design

load in Z-direction, acting simultaneously
100% design load in Z-direction and 30% design
load in X-direction, acting simultaneously
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Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2) (contd)

ELx

0.3ELx
0.3ELz

ELz

Note that directions of earthquake forces

are reversible. Hence, all combinations of
directions are to be considered.
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27 Jan 2011

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Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2) (contd)

Therefore, one must consider 25 load cases:

1.5 (DL+LL)
1.2[DL+LL+(ELx+0.3ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL+(ELx-0.3ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL-(ELx+0.3ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL-(ELx-0.3ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL+(0.3ELx+ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL+(0.3ELx-ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL-(0.3ELx+ELz)]
1.2[DL+LL-(0.3ELx-ELz)]

Asokan

1.5[DL+(ELx+0.3ELz)]
1.5[DL+(ELx-0.3ELz)]
1.5[DL-(ELx+0.3ELz)]
1.5[DL-(ELx-0.3ELz)]
1.5[DL+(0.3ELx+ELz)]
1.5[DL+(0.3ELx-ELz)]
1.5[DL-(0.3ELx+ELz)]
1.5[DL-(0.3ELx-ELz)]
0.9DL+1.5(ELx+0.3ELz)]
0.9DL+1.5(ELx-0.3ELz)]
0.9DL-1.5(ELx+0.3ELz)]
0.9DL-1.5(ELx-0.3ELz)]
0.9DL+1.5(0.3ELx+ELz)]
0.9DL+1.5(0.3ELx-ELz)]
0.9DL-1.5(0.3ELx+ELz)]
0.9DL-1.5(0.3ELx-ELz)]

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Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2) (contd)

Asokan

Note that the design lateral load for a

building in the X-direction may be different
from that in the Z-direction
Some codes use 40% in place of 30%.

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Cl.6.3.4.1

In complex structures such as a nuclear

reactor building, one may have very
complex structural systems.
Need for considering earthquake motion in
all three directions as per 100%+30% rule.

Now, EQ load means the following 24

combinations:

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Elx 0.3ELy 0.3ELz

Ely 0.3ELx 0.3ELz
Elz 0.3ELx 0.3ELy

Hence, EL now means 24 combinations

A total of 73 load cases for RC structures!
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Cl.6.3.4.2

In place of 100%+30% rule, one may take

for design force resultants as per square
root of sum of squares in the two (or,
three) directions of ground motion
EL (ELx)2 (ELy)2 (ELz)2

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27 Jan 2011

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Site Specific Design Criteria

Cl.6.4.6

Seismic design codes meant for ordinary projects

For important projects, such as nuclear power
plants, dams and major bridges site-specific
seismic design criteria are developed

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These take into account geology, seismicity,

geotechnical conditions and nature of project

Site specific criteria are developed by experts

and usually reviewed by independent peers

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Vertical Distribution of Seismic Load (Cl. 7.7.1)

Code provides the following expression for

vertical distribution of seismic load

Qi VB

Wi hi2

2
W
h
j j
j 1

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27 Jan 2011

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Dynamic Analysis

Response spectra analysis

Introduction to mode and mode shapes

1st
mode
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27 Jan 2011

2nd
mode

3rd
mode
slide 31

Requirement of Dynamic Anal. Cl.

7.8.1

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Seismic
Zone

Regular
Building

II and III

Ht > 90m Ht > 40m

IV and V

Ht > 40m

27 Jan 2011

Irregular
Buildings

Ht > 12m

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Why Dynamic Analysis?

Expressions for design load calculation (cl.

7.5.3) and load distribution with height
based on assumptions

Fundamental mode dominates the response

Mass and stiffness distribution are evenly
distributed with building height

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Thus, giving regular mode shape

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Why Dynamic Analysis? (contd)

In tall buildings, higher modes can be

quite significant.
In irregular buildings, mode shapes may
be quite irregular
Note that industrial buildings may have
large spans, large heights, and
considerable irregularities:

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These too will require dynamic analysis.

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Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl.

7.8.2)

This clause requires that in case dynamic

analysis gives lower design forces, these
be scaled up to the level of forces
obtained based on empirical Ta.

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Implies that empirical Ta is more reliable than

Ta computed by dynamic analysis
This is indeed the intention.

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Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd)

Empirical expressions for period

Then, why dynamic analysis?

Even when the results of dynamic analysis
are scaled up to design force based on
empirical Ta:

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Based on observations of actual as-built

buildings, and hence
Are far more reliable than period from dynamic
analysis based on questionable assumptions

The load distribution with building height and

to different elements is based on dynamics.
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Dynamic Parameters & Force

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27 Jan 2011

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Modal Combination Cl.

7.8.4.4

This clause gives CQC method

first and then simpler method as
an alternate.
CQC is a fairly sophisticated
method for modal combination. It
is applicable both when the
modes are well-separated and
when the modes are closelyspaced.
Many computer programmes
have CQC method built in for
modal combination.

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27 Jan 2011

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Alternate Method to CQC

Use SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares)

if the natural modes are not closely-spaced.

....
2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4

Use Absolute Sum for closely-spaced modes

1 2 3 4 ...

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To appreciate the alternative method,

consider two examples.
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Example 1 on Modal
Combination:

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For first five modes of vibration, natural

period/ natural frequency and maximum
response are given. Estimate the
maximum response for the structure.
Mode

Natural
Period

0.95

0.35 0.20 0.1

4

Natural
Frequency

1.05

2.86 5.0

Response
Quantity

110
0

5
0.1
1

7.1 9.0
0
4
9
350 230 150 120

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Example 1 on Modal Combination (contd)

All natural frequencies differ from each

other by more than 10%.

As per Cl. 3.2, none of the modes are closelyspaced modes.

As per section a) in Cl. 7.8.4.4, we can use

Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)
method to obtain resultant response as

(1100 ) 2 (350) 2 (230) 2 (150) 2 (120) 2 1193

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27 Jan 2011

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Example 2 on Modal
Combination

Asokan

For first six modes of vibration, natural

period/ natural frequency and maximum
response are given. Estimate the
maximum response for the structure.
Mode

Natural period
(sec)

0.9
4

0.7
8

0.74

0.3
4

0.26

0.25

Natural
frequency (Hz)

1.0
6

1.2
8

1.35

2.9
4

3.85

4.00

Response
Quantity

850

230

190

200

90

80

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Example 2 on Modal Combination (contd)

Asokan

As per Cl. 3.2, modes 2 and 3 are closed spaced

since their natural frequencies are within 10% of
the lower frequency.
Similarly, modes 5 and 6 are closely spaced.
Combined response of modes 2 and 3 as per
section b) in Cl.7.8.4.4 = 230+190=420
Combined response of modes 5 and 6 = 90 + 80
= 170
Combined response
of all the modes as per
(850) 2 (420) 2 (200) 2 (170) 2 984
section a)

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Design and Detailing

Asokan

As per the mathematical model structures

to be designed to withstand against
loading. (LC)
Following criterias are to be met
Strength
Serviceability
Stability
Detailing: As per the assumptions
ductility requirement
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Column Detailing

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27 Jan 2011

Spl. confining
reft.

slide 45

Beam Detailing

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27 Jan 2011

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Qns?

Please feel free to

Asokan

Ask questions related to this lecture and

related to the sections of the code discussed
herein
Let me know if some parts of this lecture were
not clear.

27 Jan 2011

slide 47