HEAT EXCHANGERS

Day 2

Heat Exchanger Types

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient
1
1
1

UA U c Ac U h Ah
R "f ,c

R "f ,h

1
1

Rw

o hA c o A c
o A h o hA h
Rf are fouling factor. They are very important in process maintenance.

Heat Exchanger Analysis

UA-LMTD METHOD
When LMTD can be fixed
Operational data are taken from PFD
(Process Flow Diagram)
Known as Sizing Problem

-NTU METHOD
When LMTD can not be fixed
Geometrical data are taken from heat
exchanger detail
Know as Rating Problem

UA-LMTD METHOD
LMTD TLM
Parallel-Flow and Counter-flow Heat Exchanger

UA-LMTD METHOD
qh m h c p ,h Th ,i Th ,o
qc m c c p ,c Tc ,o Tc ,i
q UATLM
q h qc q

UA-LMTD METHOD
Special Operating Conditions

UA-LMTD METHOD
Multipass and Cross-flow Heat Exchangers

TLM F TLM ,CF

F is a correction factor that
compensate non ideal flow
Which should be either parallel
or counter-flow

Example
A counterflow, concentric tube heat
exchanger is used to cool the lubricating
oil for a large industrial gas turbine
engine. The flow rate of cooling water
through the inner tube (Di = 25 mm) is
0,2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil through
the outer annulus (Do = 45 mm) is 0,1
kg/s. The oil and water enter at
temperatures of 100 and 30oC,
respectively. How long must the tube be
made if the outlet temperature of the oil
is to be 60oC.

-NTU METHOD

qmax Cmin Th ,i Tc ,i

q
qmax

q qmax

C m c p

Cmax max Cc , Ch
Cmin min Cc , Ch
Cmin
Cr
Cmax

 f NTU , Cr
UA
NTU
Cmin
is effectiveness of an heat exchanger.
NTU = Number of Transfer Unit

Example 11.3
Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finnedtube, cross-flow heat exchanger at 300 oC
and leave at 100oC, are used to heat
pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s
from 35 to 125oC. The exhaust gas specific
heat is approximately 1000 J/kg.K, and the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on
the gas-side surface area is U h = 100
W/m2.K. Determine the required gas-side
surface area Ah using the NTU method.

Compact Heat Exchangers

Both methods can be applied to analyze
compact heat exchanger
Special care must be taken when
evaluating fin-side convection heat
transfer coefficient
Internal side convection heat transfer
coefficient is calculated in the same way
as the others heat exchanger type
Convection heat transfer coefficient is
usually presented in graphical form for
Colburn j Factor (jh) versus Reynolds

Compact Heat Exchangers

jH St Pr 2 / 3
h
St
Gc p
GDh
Re

G Vmax
2

G vi
p
2

VA fr
m
m

A ff
A ff A fr

vo
A vm
1 f
1

A ff vi

vi

Example 11.4
Consider the heat exchanger design of
Example 11.3, that is, a finned-tube, cross-flow
heat exchanger with a gas-side overall heat
transfer coefficient and area of 100 W/m2.K
and 40 m2, respectively. The water flow rate
and inlet temperature remain at 1 kg/s and
35oC. However, a change in operation
conditions for the hot gas generator causes
the gases to now enter the heat exchanger
with a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s and a temperature
of 250oC. What is the rate of heat transfer by
the heat exchanger, and what are the gas and
water outlet temperature?

Another Example
Steam in the condenser of a power
plant is to be condensed at a
temperature of 30C with cooling
water from a nearby lake, which enters
the tubes of the condenser at 14C
and leaves at 22C. The surface area
of the tubes is 45 m2, and the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 2100
W/m2C. Determine the mass flow rate
of the cooling water needed and the

Assumption: 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is

well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
trans-fer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3
Changesin the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4
There isno fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties: The heat of vaporization of water at 30C is hfg = 2431 kJ/kg
and the specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18C is Cp
= 4184J/kg C (Table A9).
Analysis: The schematic of the condenser is given in Figure 1319. The
condenser can be treated as a counter-flow heat exchanger since the
temperature of one of the fluids (the steam) remains constant.
The temperature difference between the steam and the cooling water at
the two ends of the condenser is:

Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined from,

Q = UAsTlm = 2100 W/m2 C)(45 m2)(11.5C) = 1.087 x106 W = 1087 kW
Therefore, the steam will lose heat at a rate of 1,087 kW as it flows through
the condenser, and the cooling water will gain practically all of it, since the
con-denser is well insulated.
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation
of thesteam are determined from Q= [mCp(ToutTin)]cooling water =
(mhfg)steam to be