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Swine influenza, or flu, is a contagious
respiratory disease that affects pigs. It is
caused by a type-A influenza virus.
Outbreaks in pigs occur year-round.
The current strain is a new variation of an
H1N1 virus, which is a mix of human and
animal versions.
'Patient Zero' in Swine Flu Outbreak
Identified as 5-Year-Old Mexican Boy:
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Incubation period :range from one to seven days (median two
days)
Contact with infected pigs
Infected people may be able to infect
others beginning 1 day before symptoms
develop and up to 7 or more days after
becoming sick.
However, based on seasonal flu, most
transmission occurs during the first two
days of illness.
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Pregnant women
People who are obese
People with heart disease
People with diabetes
People with asthma or other chronic lung diseases
People with kidney disease
Those with suppressed immune systems, such as
people with HIV
People with neurological and neuromuscular
disorders
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Progressive illness is characterized by typical
symptoms plus :
m chest pain, poor oxygenation (eg, tachypnea,
hypoxia, labored breathing) .
m cardiopulmonary insufficiency (eg, hypotension),
(shock, organ failure), myocarditis or rhabdomyolisis
m During the 2009 pandemic, rapidly progressive
pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory
distress syndrome, and multisystem organ failure have
been reported.
m CNS impairment (eg, confusion, altered mental
status), (encephalitis, encephalopathy).
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During the current H1N1 influenza A pandemic there
have been higher mortality rates among patients with
certain underlying medical conditions ,young healthy
and in pregnant women.
As of December 13, 2009, there have been at least
10,500 deaths due to laboratory-confirmed cases of
pandemic H1N1 influenza A worldwide
Approximately 6 percent of deaths caused by
pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in the US have
occurred in pregnant women.
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The current swine-origin H1N1 pandemic has
highlighted the fact that pregnant patients are susceptible
to serious disease such as pandemic influenza, varicella
and hepatitis E virus.
This is probably due to pregnancy-induced tolerance,
which is necessary for placentation, without rejection.
Alterations in cellular immunity occurs to protect the
fetus from the mother.
These changes include decreased natural killer cell
activity&decrease in numbers of helper T cells.
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A cytokine storm is the systemic expression of a
healthy and vigorous immune system resulting in the
release of more than 150 inflammatory mediators .
Both pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as Tumor
Necrosis Factor-alpha, InterLeukin-1, and InterLeukin-
6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin
10, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) are elevated
in the serum, and lethal interplay of these cytokines is
referred to as a "Cytokine Storm".
The cytokine storm must be treated and suppressed or
lethality can result.
á of swine influenza A
(H1N1):
Throat swab
Nasal / Nasopharyngeal swab
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The swine flu nasal spray formulation is a live,
attenuated form of the virus that is sprayed into the
nose.
The nasal spray does not contain thimerosal or other
preservatives.
People who should not get the flu mist vaccine
include:
Pregnant women
Children under two years old
People with asthma
People with a compromised immune system
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The traditional injection method is also available
for immunizing against H1N1.
This type of flu vaccine contains an inactivated or
killed form of the virus, which is injected into the
muscle.
The CDC recommends this formulation for a
larger percentage of the general public.
It is safe for women who are breastfeeding and
pregnant.
The only group who should not receive the flu
shot is babies under six months.
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is a preservative that was
routinely included in vaccinations prior to
2001.
The CDC and the FDA have reviewed
published research on the safety of
Thimerosal in vaccines and found no
connection between the use of Thimerosal
and the incidence of autism and many other
neurological diseases.
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Immediate side effects of the swine flu vaccination
include headaches, muscle aches, feeling run down,
nausea, fever and vomiting.
patients should be skin tested to the flu vaccine. If the test
is positive, the severity of the reaction and the risk/benefits
of administering the vaccine should be evaluated.
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Yes. A high-risk person can use other flu medications
within 24 hours of developing flu symptoms. The
medication alleviates or prevents the progression of the flu
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The seasonal flu shot has been given to millions of
pregnant women over many years. Flu shots have
not been shown to cause harm to pregnant women or
their babies.
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Breastfeeding is fully compatible with flu
vaccination, and preventing the flu in mothers can
reduce the chance that the infant will get the flu.
Also, by breastfeeding, mothers can pass on to the
infant the .
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Both seasonal flu shots and 2009 H1N1 flu shots
are recommended to pregnant women at any time
during pregnancy.
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has approved the use of one shot for full
protection for persons 10 years and older.
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