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Fluid Dynamics

One Dimensional Steady Flow


1- Eulers Equation

(Equation of Motion)

Applying Newtons law:


V

PA (P+dP)A - Ads Cos

dV
= Ads V
ds

F = mass x acceleration

P
d
+
P

W= Ads

V+dV
2

dZ

ds

dz
cos
ds
PA (P+dP)A - Ads
Dividing by

Ads

dz
dV
= AdsV
ds
ds

we obtain:

1 dP
dz

=
ds
ds
2

dP V
d
dz 0
2g

V2
d
2
1
ds
g

Euler's Equation

Bernoullis Equation- 2
From Eulers Equation: for incompressible, one-dimensional by
integration and take and g as constants.

V2
dP
dz Constant

2g

P V

z H
2g
Where: H is constant and termed as the total head

Steady flow:

The Bernoulli equation can also be written


between any two points on the same streamline
as
TOTAL HEAD

v12/2g

v22/2g

p2/g

p1/g

z1

1
DATUM

V12

P1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

z2

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and


Energy Grade Line (EGL)
P v2

z H const .
g 2g
Each term in this equation has the dimension of length and
represents some kind of head of a flowing fluid as follows:
P/g is the pressure head; it represents the height of a fluid
column that produces the static pressure P.
v2/2g is the velocity head; it represents the elevation needed
for a fluid to reach the velocity v during frictionless free fall.
z is the elevation head; it represents the potential energy of the
fluid.

In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow, EGL is horizontal and its


height remains constant. But this is not the case for HGL when
the flow velocity varies along the flow.

Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation


Pressures
The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic
pressures is called the total pressure. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation states that the total pressure
along a streamline is constant.
The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is
called the stagnation pressure, and it is expressed
as

Pstag

v2
P
2

(kPa )

Measurement of static and dynamic


pressure
When static and stagnation
pressures are measured at a
specified location, the fluid
velocity at that location can
be calculated from:

p1 v12 p2

2

2(p 2 p1 )
v1

Pitot- Static Tube

Bernoullis equation is assumed to hold along the center


streamline

If the tube is horizontal, z1 = z2 and we can solve


for V2:

We relate the velocities from the incompressible continuity


relation

Example(8-1)
Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage. A
child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, increasing the
pressure upstream of his thumb, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to
emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet
could achieve?

Solution
2
o p
p1 v12

v
2
2
m
gz1 m
gz 2
2
2

Z1 = 0.0, v1 = 0.0, v2 = 0.0, p2 = patm


1000 N / m 2 1 kg .m / s 2
P1 Patm
400kPa
z2

g
(1000 kg / m 3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )
1 kPa
1N
40.8 m

Example(8-2)
A piezometer and a pitot tube are tapped into a horizontal water pipe, to measure
static and stagnation (static + dynamic) pressures. For the indicated water column
heights, determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

P1 = g(h1+h2)

Solution

P2 = g(h1+h2 +h3)

P1 v 12
P2 v 22

z1

z2
g 2g
g 2g
Where z1 =0.0, v2 = 0.0 and z2 =0.0

v 12 P2 P1

2g
g
v 12 P2 P1 g (h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 )

h3
2g
g
g

v 1 2 gh3 2(9,81 m / s 2 )(0.12 m ) 1.53 m / s

Applications of Bernoullis Equation


:Flow through Orifice- 1

E1 = E2 + Losses1-2

V12

2
2

hloss
Fluid

P1
P2 V

z1
z 2 h loss12
2g
2g
From Continuity Equation

Neglect hloss

A1V1 = A2V 2
A1<< A2

.H.G.L

V1 = 0

P1
P2 V22
z1
z2

2g
or

P1 P2
V22
(z1 z 2 )

2g

or

V2 2 g H

Q = A2V2or

2
V2

2g

For ideal case without losses

Q A 2 V2 A 2 2 g H

Q actual
Cd
Q theoretical

Q actual C d A 2 g H

Where, Cd (Coefficient of discharge can be determined from calibration


Cd about 0.6

Q theoretical A 2 g H
Cd =1

or

Hloss= 0
section
1
throat
2

:Venturi meter- 2
Is used to measure the flow rate
.for Liquid and gases

section
3
z1
Datum

z2
z3

Q = A1V1 = A2V 2= A3V 3


V

V
P

Applying Bernoullis equation between


sections (1) and (2)
dA

Flow
E1 = E2 + Losses1-2
2

P1 V1
P2 V

z1
z 2 h loss12
2g
2g

2g

L1

2
2

V22 V12

3
L2

Neglect hloss

(h1 z1 ) (h 2 z 2 )

V22 V12
2g

A1V1 = A2V 2

V1

A2
V2
A1

Then

A2
V22 2 g H
A1

V22
2

A 22
V2 1 2 2 g H
A1

V2

Q Cd

A1
A12 A 22

2g H

A 2 A1
A12 A 22

2g H

A 2 A1
A A
2
1

2
2

2 gH

Cd can be estimated experimentally by calibration and its value is about 0.96.

To measure the total head H experimentally:


V

By using the U tube manometer.

V
P

PL = P1 + 1h + 1y
PR = P2 + 1h + 2y
PL =
PR
P1 + 1h + 1y = P2 + 1h + 2y

2
dA

Flow

h
R

L
y

y
L

P1- P2 = y (2 - 1)
1 H = y (2 - 1)

y ( 2 1 ) 2
H
y
1
1
1

Q Cd

A 2 A1
A A
2
1

2
2

2 gH

Example:
A nozzle as shown in figure has the following data:
Q = 60 liter/sec. of water, d1 = 25 Cm., d2 = 15 Cm. and P1 = 1 bar. Find P2.
Neglect losses
1
Solution:
2
Applying Bernoullis equation between sections
(1) and (2)
E1 = E 2
2
P1 V1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

(1)

Assuming no losses

Q = A1V1 = A2V 2

d12
d 22
4 60 10 3
60
V1
V2 V1
1.222
2
4
4
(0.25)

.m/sec

4 60 10 3
V2
3.398
2
(0.15)

.m/sec

P2 = 0.9486

bar

Substituting in (1)

Example:
A nozzle as shown in figure has the following data: For water, d1 = 20 Cm., d2 =
5 Cm., z1 = 5 m, z2 = 3 m, P1 = 5 bar, V1 = 1 m/sec. Find P2 and V2.
1

Solution:
Q = A1V1 = A2V 2
V2 = 1600
and

.Cm./sec

z1

Applying Bernoullis equation


between sections (1) and (2)
2
P1 V1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

P2 = 3.9

bar

z2

(1)

:Orifice meter- 3

Is used to measure the flow rate for Liquid and gases


.in a pipe

Applying Bernoullis and Continuity


equations:

V2 C

Q C

A1

2 g H

A12 A 22
A 2 A1
A A

Q A 2 V2 A 2

2
1

2
2

2 g H

CcC v
2 A2

1 C c
A
1

Flow

d/2

d1
H
2 g(P1 P2 )

do

:Vena Contracta
:Where

Cd Cc C v

Cc : is the area coefficient.


Cv : is the velocity coefficient.

A act .
Cc
A theo.

<1

Vact .
Cv
Vtheo .

1<

Q act .
Cd
Cc C v
Q theo .

d1

do

Orifice meter

Cd
do

1
d1

Open Channel Flow- 4


If

V1 = 3 m/sec.

V2 = 10 m/sec.

V1

z = 2 m.
Z1

z2 = 1 m.
Find:
z = ?? m.

y
Z2

y = ?? m.
2
P1 V1
P2 V22

z1
z2
2g
2g

P1 = P2 = 0

and

z1 =( z + y ) m.

y = 3.64 m.

V2

:Notches and Weir- 5


1

2
h
h

H
y

x
1
x y

V12
2g

(x y h)

V22
2g

V12

V2 2 g h

2
g

Area of strip = b.

Velocity through the strip =

2 gh
2 gh

Discharge through the strip = h


Integrating from h = 0 to h = H
H

Q th 2 g bh dh
2

If b = B = constant

2
Q th B 2 g H
3

b
2

If V- Notch

2
h
h

8
52
Q th 2 g tan H
15
2

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