• Unit commitment refers to the strategic choice to be

made in order to determine which of the available

power plants should be considered to supply
electricity.

• The principal objective of the unit commitment

problem in power system is to schedule the
generating plants in order to serve the forecasted
load demand over a future term (24-168 hour) period
at minimum operating cost, while meeting all plant
and system constraints.
• Unit commitment problem is first to decide which of
the available units to turn on, and then to determine
an economical dispatch schedule of the units.
• Unit commitment, further abbreviated as UC
• UC therefore prepares a set of plants and stipulates
in which time period they have to be on-line and
ready for dispatching.
• Generator scheduling involves determination of the
startup and shut down times, the loading levels and
the amount of spinning reserve for each unit, over a
given scheduling period.
LOCATION OF THERMAL PLANTS
THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND THEIR UNITS
HYDEL PLANTS
PERFORMANCE OF HYDEL PLANTS
 Substation voltages

• State Electricity Board’s have fulfilled the preliminary

objective of integrating the power systems to reach
the consumers; efforts are needed towards
extending uninterrupted power supply to consumer’s
expectations.

• This can be achieved only through

modernization of distribution system by providing
suitable equipment leading to uninterrupted
power supply.
 Sudden occurrence of
transmission constraints
• Tripping of one or more heavily loaded critical
lines on fault may cause overloading of parallel
lines and if Generating Stations are available on
either side, large power swings occur resulting in
separation of systems or even a Grid collapse.”.
 LOW VOLTAGES

• Low voltages occur at particular locations in the

system due to high reactive nature of the loads and
if adequate capacitive compensation is not provided,
this may cause overloading of lines beyond surge
impedance levels.
• Extremely low voltages at any node in the system
will cause power swings on transmission lines and if
tripping of critical lines take place, it may lead to grid
collapse.
 DELAYED CLEARANCE OF SYSTEM
FAULTS

• If system faults persist on account of mal-

operation or non-operation of protective relays in
EHV network, severe voltage dips occur which
may cause tripping of lines and / or pull out
generators leading to a grid collapse.
 OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

• APEPDCL has reported 100 per cent metering at the

LT, HT, domestic, industrial and commercial levels
since 2004-05.

• The pattern of electricity consumption is explained

since 2003-04 to 2007-08 of
domestic,industrial,commercial,agriculture and other
sectors.
 PATTERN OF ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION - ALL OVER INDIA(%)

S.NO. Sector 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

1. Domestic 21.28 22.03 24.55 24.86 24.77

2. Commerc 5.17 5.25 7.49 7.81 8.13

ial
3. Industry 30.50 30.18 33.85 34.51 35.63

4. Agricultur 29.14 29.69 24.88 24.13 22.93

e
5. Others 13.92 12.85 9.23 8.68 8.54
 Definitions of coal

• 'Coal' includes anthracite, bituminous coal,

lignite, peat and any other form of carbonaceous
matter sold as coal and also cake.

• 'Coal Controller' means the person appointed by

the central Government to hold the post of coal
controller and include the joint coal controller and
Deputy coal controller.

• 'Retention Price' means the price fixed by the

central Government in respect of each colliery
owner per tonne of each class, grade or size of
coal and coke produced and sold by such owner.
 Fuel supply agreement

• Fuel supply agreement is nothing but the agreement made between

power plants and coal companies.

• In order to meet challenges and to maintain competitiveness it is

essential to be sensitive in the area like product price, Quality,
service, customer satisfaction etc.

• FSA is used to maintain the loyal customer, and to attract the new
customers.

• To achieve the above objective Ministry of Coal,

Government of India is encouraging the coal producing
companies and major core customers to enter FSA.
 Advantages of FSA’s

• Assured market for the coal due to loyal

customers.

• Better Planning and Monitoring of Quality,

Production and Dispatches due to the prior
knowledge of quality and quantity of coal to be
supplied.

• Scope for maximizing sales revenue by earning

bonuses due
to better performance
 Quality and Coal grades
Useful Heat Value per Basic price per Tonne (Rs)
Kilo Calories / per ROM Coal Steam/ Slack Coal Crushed
Grade of Coal Kilogram Round ROM Coal
Coal

‘A’ Exceeding 6200 2607.54 2841.54 2623.14 2677.74

Exceeding 5600 but not
‘B’ 2213.64 2447.64 2229.24 2283.84
exceeding 6200
Exceeding 4940 but not
‘C’ 1532.40 1712.40 1544.40 1586.40
exceeding 5600
Exceeding 4200 but not
‘D’ 1243.00 1408.00 1254.00 1292.50
exceeding 4940
Exceeding 3360 but not  
‘E’ exceeding 4200 940.00 1112.05 951.05 991.30
 
Exceeding 2400 but not
‘F’ 681.00 831.00 691.00 726.00
exceeding 3360
Exceeding 1300 but not
‘G’ 503.00 653.00 513.00 548.00
exceeding 2400
Washery  
2117.97
Grade -D
Washery  
1676.30
Grade -E
Washery  
1472.47
Grade F
Washery  
200.00
• Mine coal is coal comprising of all sizes which comes
out of the mine without any crushing or screening.

• The fraction of the Run of Mine coal as is retained

on a screen when subjected to screening is called
Steam coal.

• The fraction that remains after Steam Coal has

been removed from the Run of Mine coal is called
Slack coal.

• When the top size is limited to any maximum limit

within the range of 200–250 mm through
mechanical facilities is called Crushed ROM Coal.
 Transport charges in Kms

 DISTANCE STC RATE

0 – 3 Kms Rs.15/- per tonne
Distance more than 3 Kms, but not Rs.40/- per tonne
more than 10 Kms
Distance more than 10 Kms, but not Rs.70/- per tonne
more than 20 Kms
Distance more than 20 Kms Actual Transport charges
including the expenditure incurred
towards repair & maintenance of
roads leading to SCCL loading
points subject to a minimum of
Rs.70 per tone.
STATUS OF COAL SUPPLIES TO THERMAL STATIONS ON:

19.06.2009

STATION OP.BALA RECEIPT CONSUMP BALANCE AVG. COAL

NCE S TION ( MTs ) REQUIED/D
( MTs ) ( MTs ) ( MTs ) AY FOR FULL
GENERATIO
N
( MTs )

KTPS 148308 12079 9689 150698 14000

KTPS-V 233721 8620 8580 233761 9000
VTPS 184449 33606 21861 196194 20100
RTPP 172448 7638 11534 168552 13400
RTSB 24268 1210 957 24521 1000
 COAL WAGON POSITIONS

STATION OP. RECEIPTS TRIPPLED PENDING

BALANCE

KTPS 118 115 174 59

KTPS-V 26 285 140 171

VTPS 280 465 528 217

RTPP 0 175 117 58

 LINES AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

• In this we are discussing about distribution

transformers of APSEB.
• In the APSEB there are four discoms

» APEPDCL
» APSPDCL
» APCPDCL
» APNPDCL
 LINES AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
EXISTING AS ON 31.03.2009

• APEPDCL distributes electricity in five districts they

are,

• Srikakulam
• Vizianagaram
• Vishakhapatnam
• East Godavari
• West Godavari
 Lines in Ckm Lines in Km (Nos)
S.NO. District
220 132
400 KV 33KV 11KV L.T DTRs
KV KV

APEPDCL

1. Srikakulam 0 0 242 675 4480.85 9721 6983

2. Vizianagaram 0 78 528 577 4343.39 8972 6520

Vishakapatna
3. 23 597 378 1150 5305.28 15979 11577
m

East
4. 761 654 493 1098 7191.12 13526 20638
Godavari

West
5. 0 536 507 1500 9825.04 18179 31004
Godavari

Sub-Total 784 1866 2148 4999 31146 66378 76722

• APSPDCL distributes electricity in the following districts

• Krishna
• Guntur
• Prakasham
• Nellore
• Chittor
• kadapa
 Lines in Ckm Lines in Km (Nos)
S.NO
District
. 220 132
400 KV 33KV 11KV L.T DTRs
KV KV

APSPDCL

6. Krishna 443 698 540 1368 7292.57 18811 20611

10127.2
7. Guntur 0 485 647 1494 16873 18209
6
Prakasha 13830.9
8. 0 563 547 1736 20410 21453
m 9
10458.0
9. Nellore 0 667 384 1688 22311 22268
2
18571.7
10. Chittoor 21 431 977 2025 30127 52789
3

11. Kadapa 0 598 553 1649 9892.84 22530 22830

364
Sub-Total 464 3442 9960 70173 131062 158160
8
• APCPDCL distributes electricity in the following
districts

• Ananthapur
• Kurnool
• Hyderabad
• Range Reddy
• Mahabubnagar
• Medak
• Nalgonda
 Lines in Ckm Lines in Km (Nos)
S.NO
District 220
. 400 KV 132 KV 33KV 11KV L.T DTRs
KV
APCPDCL

2190
12. Anantapur 0 816 716 2172 11038 26108
6
2058
13. Kurnool 103 671 709 2064 9679 19798
0
1090
14. Hyderabad 396 162 82 509 2250 17657
2
(U.G.Cable) 0 9
2504
15. Ranga Reddy 340 577 569 2476 7959 26739
5
Mahabubnag 4908
16. 1 584 683 2220 17893 27813
ar 9
2324
17. Medak 0 304 795 1775 10017 21948
8
2333 4131
18. Nalgonda 0 1201 798 14987 33822
5 3
1355 1920
Sub-Total 840 4314 4360 73823 173795
1 83
• APNPDCL distributes electricity in the following
districts

• Nizamabad
• Adilabad
• Warangal
• Karimnagar
• Khammam
 Lines in Ckm Lines in Km (Nos)
S.NO
District 220
. 400 KV 132 KV 33KV 11KV L.T DTRs
KV

APNPDCL

Nizamab
19. 0.00 172 687 1460 8351 21103 27454
ad

20. Adilabad 0 69 475 1114 8591 21689 13851

Warang
21. 0 63 775 2040 13429 31305 31003
al

Karimna
22. 0 593 1432 1554 10520 30718 22904
gar

Khamm
23. 728 1266 788 1272 8656 18829 15476
am

Sub-Total 728 2163 4158 7440 49546 123644 110688

Total for A.P 2816 11784 14314 35950 224688 513166 519365
 PROGRESS IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION –
ALL INDIA

Villages Percentage Pump sets

Year ending
S.NO Electrified Electrified Energised
March
(No.) (%) (No.)

1
2003-04 5,08,863 86.65 131,28,155

2 2004-05 492,325 83.83 13,792,427

3 2005-06 495,031 84.3 14,115,373

4 2006-07 439,800 74.1 14,445.014

5 2007-08 443,167 74.64 14,862,970

 CONCLUSION

• In this project we have learnt clearly about unit

commitment. By doing this project we learnt about
the Andhra Pradesh power plants and their
installation capacities.
• The main aim of the project is to reduce the cost of
electricity per unit. The cost per unit can be reduced
by selecting power plants which gives us power at
less cost.
• In this project coal, different grades of coal and fuel
oil positions are clearly studied.
THANK YOU…!