INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT
NATIONAL THERMAL POWER STATION
SINGRAULI , MADHYA PRADESH

Submitted By:
Rishikesh (11-1-6-002)
NIT, Silchar

In this Presentation
1.

Introduction

2.

Power plant layout

3.

Coal to Electricity Basics

4.

Main and Auxiliary Equipments .

5.

Combustion Process

6.

Power Plant Cycle

7.

Boilers.

8.

Burner Management System

Introduction

A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal into

electrical energy.

Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam. The

expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which
drives the alternator coupled to the turbine.

Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the generation of

Power for any country . Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of
the total installed captive and non-captive power generation in India .

In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas etc. are employed
as primary sources of energy.

General Layout of Thermal

Power Station

Diagram of a typical coal-fi red

thermal power station
1.Cooling tower

10. SteamControl
19.Superheater
valve

2.Cooling water
pump

11. High
pressuresteam
turbine

20. Forced
draught
(draft)fan

3.transmission
line(3-phase)

12.Deaerator

21. Reheater

4. Step13.Feed water
uptransformer(3heater
phase)
5.Electrical
generator(3- 14.Coalconveyor
phase)
6. Low
pressuresteam
15.Coalhopper
turbine

22.Combustionai
r intake
23.Economiser

24.Air preheater

7.Condensate
pump

16.Coal
pulveriser

25.Precipitator

8.Surface
condenser

17.Boiler steam
drum

26. Induced
draught
(draft)fan

9. Intermediate
pressuresteam
turbine

18.Bottom
ashhopper

27.Flue gas stack

Coal to Electricity .. Basics

Pollutants

Coal
Heat

Turbine
Torque

Super
Heated
Steam

Heat Loss
In
Condense
r

ASH

Loss

Chemical
Energy

Thermal
Energy

Kinetic
Energy

Mech.
Energy
Loss

Electrical
Energy

Alternating
current in Stator
Elet.
Energy
Loss

Main and Auxiliary e q u i p m e n t s

1.

Coal handling plant

2.

Pulverizing plant

3.

Draft fans

4.

Boiler

5.

Ash handling plant

6.

Turbine

7.

Condenser

8.

Cooling towers and ponds

9.

Economiser

10.

Superheater and Reheater

11.

Air preheater

Coal handling plant and Pulverizing

Plant

The function of coal handling plant is automatic

feeding of coal to the boiler furnace.
A thermal power plant burns enormous
amounts of coal.
Coal is conveyed through rail wagon from out
side of plant
Through conveyor system collected in hopper
and ground to a very fine powder by large metal
spheres in the pulverized fuel mill.
Pulverizing is a means of exposing a large
surface area to the action of oxygen and
consequently helping combustion.
A 200MW plant may require around 2000 tons
of coal daily

Draft system

The circulation of air is caused by a difference in

pressure, known as Draft.

Forced Draft fan use to feed pulverized coal to

boiler

Induced Draft fan use to maintain the flow of flue

gases in the boiler.

Forced Draft Fan

Induced Draft Fan

Boiler
A boiler or steam generator is a closed
vessel in which water under pressure, is
converted into steam.
It is one of the major components of a
thermal power plant
Always designed to absorb maximum
amount of heat released in the process of
combustion
Boilers are of two types1. Fire tube boiler
2. Water tube boiler

Superheater and Reheater

Superheater is a device used to convert saturated

steam or wet steam into dry steam.

Output steam is called Superheated steam and the

temperature is 540 Celsius.

Superheated steam used to rotate HP turbine.

Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate

the turbine where it loses some of its energy.

Reheated is added a heat to that steam.

The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second

steam turbine where the heat is converted to
mechanical energy.

BOILER FEED PUMP

Feed deoxygenated water to the boiler drum through economizer.

DE BEARING
DE BEARING

SLEEVE
SOLE PLATE
(BASE PLATE)

DE AREATOR

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air

and other dissolved gases from the feed water to steamgenerating boiler.

The condensed water is then passed by a feed pump through a

deaerater.

Turbine

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal

energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary
motion.

Ash handling plant

The percentage of ash in coal varies from 5% in good quality

coal to about 40% in poor quality coal

Power plants generally use poor quality of coal , thus amount

of ash produced by it is pretty large

A modern 2000MW plant produces about 5000 tons of ash

daily

CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its
liquid state, typically by cooling it.
The exiting steam from steam turbine, now a little above its boiling point, is brought
into thermal contact with cold water (pumped in from the cooling tower) in the
condenser. where it condenses rapidly back into water, creating near vacuum-like
conditions inside the condenser chest.

Water Cooled Condenser

Air Cooled Condenser

LTSH

DRU
M

E
C
O

HPH6
HPH
5

PSH

FSH

F
U
R
N
A
C
E

HPT

IPT

CON
D

R/H

CONDENSATE CYCLE

DEA

LPH3

LPT

GSC

LPH2

LPH
1

D/C

Cooling towers and ponds

o
o

A condenser needs huge quantity of water to condense the steam .

Typically a 2000MW plant needs about 1500MGallon of water.

Most plants use a closed cooling system where warm water coming from condenser is
cooled and reused

Small plants use spray ponds and medium and large plants use cooling towers.

Cooling tower is a steel or concrete hyperbolic structure having a reservoir at the base for
storage of cooled water

Height of the cooling tower may be 150 m or so and diameter at the base is 150 m

Economiser

Economizer are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or

to perform another useful function like preheating a fluid.

Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. An economiser extracts a
part of this heat from flue gases and uses it for heating feed water.

This use of economiser results in saving coal consumption and higher boiler
efficiency

Air preheater

After flue gases leave economiser, some further heat

can be extracted from them and used to heat
incoming heat. Cooling of flue gases by 20 degree
centigrade increases the plant efficiency by 1%.

Air preheaters may be of three types

Plate type

Tubular type

Regenerative type

Rankine Cycle
Latent Heat Addition in
Evaporator (constt. Pressure)
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E

Super Heating

Sensible heat Addition in

Economizer
Adiabatic Expansion in
Turbine
Pump Work

L+V

Constant Pressure Heat

Rejection in Condenser

ENTROPY

Boiler

Boiler Temperature
Measurement
Expansion of Solids

Thermostats
Expansion of Liquids
Temperature Gauges
Expansion of gases
Temperature Gauges
Thermal Electricity Thermocouples
Type K Chromel Alumel etc.
Change of Electric Resistance (RTD)
Pt100
Cu53
Intensity of total radiation
Optical Pyrometer
Radiation Pyrometer

Burner management system

Burner management system is designed to ensure the execution

of a safe ,orderly operating sequence in the startup and
shutdown of fuel firing equipments and to prevent errors of
omission safe operating procedure.

Function of BMS
TO PROVIDE SAFETY TO BOILER.
TO PROVIDE ORDERLY SEQUENCE IN THE S/U & S/D OF FUEL FIRING
EQUIPMENTS.
CONTINUOUS FLAME MONITORING.
MAINTAIN THE APPROPRIATE TEMPERATION AND AIR PRESSURE INSIDE THE
BURNER

THANK
YOU