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MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION?
Digital communications broadly refers to the
transmission of information using digital
messages or bit streams.
There are notable advantages to transmitting
data using discrete messages.
Errors caused by noise and interference can be
detected and corrected systematically.
Digital communications also make the
networking of heterogeneous systems
possible, with the Internet
being the most obvious such example.
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL COMMNICATION
Information Source and Input Transducer:
The source of information can be analog or digital, e.g. analog:
audio or video signal, digital: like teletype signal. In digital
communication the signal produced by this source is converted into
digital signal consists of 1s and 0s. For this we need source encoder.
Source Encoder
In digital communication we convert the signal from source
into digital signal as mentioned above. The point to remember is we
should like to use as few binary digits as possible to represent the
signal. In such a way this efficient representation of the source output
results in little or no redundancy. This sequence of binary digits is
called information sequence.
Source Encoding or Data Compression: the process of efficiently
converting the output of wither analog or digital source into a
sequence of binary digits is known as source encoding.
DIGITAL COMMNICATION
Channel Encoder:
The information sequence is passed through the channel encoder. The
purpose of the channel encoder is to introduced, in controlled
manner, some redundancy in the binary information sequence
that can be used at the receiver to overcome the effects of
noise and interference encountered in the transmission on the
signal through the channel.
e.g. take k bits of the information sequence and map that k bits to
unique n bit sequence called code word. The amount of redundancy
introduced is measured by the ratio n/k and the reciprocal of this ratio
(k/n) is known as rate of code or code rate.
Digital Modulator:
The binary sequence is passed to digital modulator which in
turns convert the sequence into electric signals so that we can
transmit them on channel (we will see channel later). The digital
modulator maps the binary sequences into signal wave forms , for
example if we represent 1 by sin x and 0 by cos x then we will transmit
sin x for 1 and cos x for 0. ( a case similar to BPSK)
DIGITAL COMMNICATION
Channel:
The communication channel is the physical medium that is used for
transmitting signals from transmitter to receiver. In wireless system,
this channel consists of atmosphere , for traditional telephony, this
channel is wired , there are optical channels, under water acoustic
cahnenls etc.
Digital Demodulator:
The digital demodulator processes the channel corrupted transmitted
waveform and reduces the waveform to the sequence of numbers that
represents estimates of the transmitted data symbols.
DIGITAL COMMNICATION
Channel Decoder:
This sequence of numbers then passed through the channel decoder
which attempts to reconstruct the original information sequence from
the knowledge of the code used by the channel encoder and the
redundancy contained in the received data
Source Decoder
At the end, if an analog signal is desired then source decoder tries to
decode the sequence from the knowledge of the encoding algorithm.
And which results in the approximate replica of the input at the
transmitter end
DIGITAL COMMNICATION
Channel Decoder:
This sequence of numbers then passed through the channel decoder
which attempts to reconstruct the original information sequence from
the knowledge of the code used by the channel encoder and the
redundancy contained in the received data
Source Decoder
At the end, if an analog signal is desired then source decoder tries to
decode the sequence from the knowledge of the encoding algorithm.
And which results in the approximate replica of the input at the
transmitter end
Output Transducer:
Finally we get the desired signal in desired format analog or digital.
PULSE MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
SAMPLING
SAMPLING THEOREM
3 ANALOG PULSE
MODULATION :
PULSE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (PAM)
Analog pulse
Sample pulse
Analogu
e Signal
Low
Pass
Filter
Sampler
Low
Pass
Filter
Quantis
er
Encoder
Decoder
Expande
r
Analogu
e Signal
PCM TRANSMITTER
PCM RECEIVER
PCM - SAMPLING
PCM - QUANTIZATION
The amplitude of the samples are then
divided into respective levels. The number of
levels for the samples depend on the number of
bits used to code the signal.
The relationshipB between the number of bits
(B) is given by the equation: M= 2
M- Number of levels
B Bits/ samples
The more levels used means that an analogue
signal can be describe more accurate.
PCM - ENCODING
In this process, the samples that has been
divided into various levels is coded into
respective codes where the samples that have
the same number of level are coded into the
same code.
The number of bits depends on the number
of level used to quantise the samples.
B = log2 M
PCM
DELTA MODULATION
DELTA MODULATION
DELTA MODULATION
DELTA MODULATION
DELTA MODULATION
(Quantization Errors)
SLOPE OVERLOAD
SLOPE OVERLOAD
GRANULAR NOISE
DELTA MODULATION
(Quantization Errors)
Signal-to-Quantization-Noise Ratio
(SQNR or SNqR)
is a measurement of the effect of quantization errors introduced by
analog-to-digital conversion at the ADC.
MODEM CONNECTION
P
C
110011
MODE
M
DCE
DT
E
P
C
MODEM
1100
11
DCE
DT
E
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING (MUX)
MULTIPLEXING (MUX)
MULTIPLEXING (MUX)
FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
FDM
TDM
WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
WDM
CDMA
The primary difference between FDM and TDM is how they divide the
channel. FDM divides the channel into two or more frequency ranges that do
not overlap, while TDM divides and allocates certain time periods to each
channel in an alternating manner.
Due to this fact, we can say that for TDM, each signal uses all of the
bandwidth some of the time, while for FDM, each signal uses a small portion of
the bandwidth all of the time.
As TDM allocates time periods, only one channel can transmit at a given
time, and some data would often be delayed, though its often only in
milliseconds. Since channels in FDM can transmit at any time, their latencies
would be much lower compared to TDM.
INFORMATION CAPACITY
Is a measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communications system
and is a function of bandwidth and transmission
time.
Information capacity represents the number of
independent symbols that can carried through a
system in a given unit of time.
The most basic digital symbol used to represent
information is the bit.
BANDWIDTH
DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES