Dr. Marzuki Hj.

Ismail
Semester I 2009/10
ENTECH
1. Chemistry of Air Pollution
2. Types of Chemical Bonding
3. Mole of a Substance
4. Physical Characteristics of Gases
5. Mole of a Substance
6. Ideal Gas Law
 Is fundamental to air pollution effects n control.
 Pollutants discharged into atmosphere from chemical
reaction involving combustion n industrial process.
 In the air, it may react with one another to form new
pollutants.
 Chemistry also involve in abatement or control of pollutants
prior to discharge.
 ∴ , chemistry can be considered the servant science of air
pollution.
 To form compounds, atoms must come very close (2-3A) so
that valence e may be shared or exchanged.
 Electronegativity = measure of e pulling ability of atoms.
 Elements with low electronegativity reacts readily with
elements of high electronegativity to form strong ionic bonds.
 2 elements with about the same electronegativity react to
form weaker covalent bonds.
 Chemical reaction take place between e- in outer energy level
of separate atoms.
 In cpds formation, reaction maybe endothermic or
exothermic.
 Molecules or cpds can be categorize by 2 basic bonding:
 Ionic
 Covalent
 Electro+ve elements (metals) lose e- to electro-ve elements
(non-metals) to forms ionic (electrovalent bond).
 Cpds of C with H, O, N, and other elements share e- to form
covalent bonds.
 More than 1 bond type is possible in cpds.
Types of Chemical Bonding

There are two ways in which atoms can

share electrons to satisfy the octet rule:

1.Ionic Bonding

2.Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bond
1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

 Compute the mass of the following
compounds round to nearest tenth & state
type of bond:
 NaCl;
 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond
 C2H6;
 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond
 Na(CO3)2;
 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent
 A mol denotes amount of matter
 1 mol = 6.0251 E23 molecules (atom) of
substance
 No. of mol is denoted by n; M is no. of
grams per mol (n) of substance.
 Mass (m) = n*M
 Kg-mol (kmol) is preferred over g-mol.
 1 kmol = 1000 mol = 6.0251 x 1026
molecules
 How do you get a mole of something?
Element

Compounds
Physical Characteristics of
Gases
Ideal Gas Law
 4 variables that describe the behavior of a
given quantity (mass) of gas are:
 1). Pressure, p
 2). Volume, V
 3). Temperature, T
 4). No. of moles of a gas, n.
D. Number of moles
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of
gases at the same temperature and
pressure have the same number of
particles.

Molar Volume of a Gas:

1 mole at STP = 22.4 L

*used for Gas Stoichiometry*

Example.
Do gases A, B, and C have the same or different volumes?
Example:
Hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas to
form hydrogen chloride gas.
Write a balanced equation for the
reaction.

If 0.55 L of hydrogen are completely

reacted at STP, how many liters of
hydrogen chloride are produced?
Soln.:
Hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas to
form hydrogen chloride gas.
Write a balanced equation for the
reaction.

If 0.55 L of hydrogen are completely

reacted at STP, how many liters of
hydrogen chloride are produced?
*for volume/volume stoichiometry
problems, coefficients are also volume
ratios.

0.55 L H2 x 2 HCl = 1.1 L HCl

1 H2

*Does not work with grams because all

elements have different grams in 1 mole.
II. Gas Stoichiometry
1. change to moles
2. use coefficients
3. change to what is asked for
*massmole – use molar mass
from Periodic Table
*volume - use molar volume
(gases only :22.4 L = 1 mole)
Examples 6:
1. Chlorine gas reacts with antimony to
produce antimony trichloride.
Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
How many liters of chlorine gas are
needed to produce 58.9 grams of
antimony trichloride?
Soln. Eg. 6:
1. Chlorine gas reacts with antimony to
produce antimony trichloride.
Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
How many liters of chlorine gas are
needed to produce 58.9 grams of
antimony trichloride?
2. Carbon dioxide gas reacts with carbon
to produce carbon monoxide gas.
Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.

How many liters of carbon dioxide are

needed to produce 5.0 liters of
carbon monoxide?
2. Carbon dioxide gas reacts with carbon
to produce carbon monoxide gas.
Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.

How many liters of carbon dioxide are

needed to produce 5.0 liters of
carbon monoxide?
Example 7:
1. The air in a balloon has a volume of
501 mL at a temperature of 52.0oC
and
a pressure of 1.20 atm. What will be
its
volume at STP?
Example 7:
1. The air in a balloon has a volume of
501 mL at a temperature of 52.0oC
and
a pressure of 1.20 atm. What will be
its
volume at STP?
2. 46.2 mL of hydrogen gas are collected
at a temperature of 23.0oC when the
barometer reads 758.6 mm Hg. Over
the weekend, the temperature rose to
25.0oC and the pressure remained the
same. What is the volume of the gas
now?
2. 46.2 mL of hydrogen gas are collected
at a temperature of 23.0oC when the
barometer reads 758.6 mm Hg. Over
the weekend, the temperature rose to
25.0oC and the pressure remained the
same. What is the volume of the gas
now?
Examples:
1. What is the mass of 1.00 liter of dry
methane (CH4) gas at STP?
Examples:
1. What is the mass of 1.00 liter of dry
methane (CH4) gas at STP?
2. At STP, 225 mL of a gas collected over
water has a mass of 0.623 grams.
What is the molar mass of the gas?
2. At STP, 225 mL of a gas collected over
water has a mass of 0.623 grams.
What is the molar mass of the gas?
 Absolute and Relative Scales
Absolute Scale Relative Scale

Metric System K o
C
English System o
R o
F
Standard Pressures
1 atm
760 mm Hg
101,325 Pa (SI unit)
101.3 kPa
29.92 in Hg
14.7 psi
1.01 bars
 PV = nRT

PV
R=
nT
= 0.082057 L atm mol-1 K-1
= 8.3145 m3 Pa mol-1 K-1
= 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1
Boyle’s law: V α 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V α T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V α n (at constant P and T)

nT
Vα
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT

5.4
 Isobaric - constant pressure
 Isothermal - constant temperature
 Isochoric - constant volume
 Isopycnic - constant density
 Isosteric - constant specific volume
P1V1 P2V2
= (at constant n)
T1 T2
True (1) or False(2)

1.___The P exerted by a gas at constant V is

not affected by the T of the gas.
2.___ At constant P, the V of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute T
3.___ At constant T, doubling the P will cause
the V of the gas sample to decrease to one-
half its original V.
1. A mass of oxygen occupies 0.0200 m3 at
atmospheric pressure, 101 kPa, and 5oC.
Determine its volume if its pressure is
increased to 108 kPa while its
temperature is changed to 30oC.
 On a day when atmospheric pressure is 76
cmHg, the pressure gauge on a tank reads
the pressure inside to be 400 cmHg. The
gas in the tank has a temperature of 9oC. If
the tank is heated to 31oC by the sun, and
if no gas exits from it, what will the
pressure gauge read?
(Total pressure = atm P + gauge P)
 A tank of volume 590 liters contains O2 at
20oC and 5 atm pressure. Calculate the
mass of O2 in the tank. Molecular mass =
32 kg/kmol for O2; Ideal gas constant, R
= 8314 J/kmol. K
 A hydrogen gas thermometer is found to have a
volume of 100.0 cm3 when placed in an ice-
water bath at 0°C. When the same thermometer
is immersed in boiling liquid chlorine, the
volume of hydrogen at the same pressure is
found to be 87.2 cm3. What is the temperature
of the boiling point of chlorine?
 A 3.0 liter tank contains oxygen gas at 20oC and
a gauge pressure of 25 × 105 Pa. What mass of
oxygen is in the tank? The molecular mass of
oxygen gas is 32 kg/kmol. Assume atmospheric
pressure to be 100 KPa.
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE

 In 1801, Dalton found out that the total

pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressure exerted by each
gas. This is known as Dalton’s law of partial
pressure.
 Each gas in the mixture exerts a pressure that
is independent of the other gases present.
These pressures are called partial pressures.
The total pressure exerted by a gas
mixture is the sum of the partial
pressures of the gases in that mixture.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....
The total pressure of a gas mixture
depends
on the total number of gas particles, not
on
the types of particles.
P = 1.00 atm P = 1.00
atm
0.5 mole O2
1 mole H2 + 0.3 mole He
+ 0.2 mole Ar
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 Gas exchange between living organisms
and the environment depends on the
properties of gases, in particular, partial
pressure and solubility.
 RESPIRATION is one of the most
important processes because we need to
breathe OXYGEN and breathe out CO2 in
order to live.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
TABLE 1: PARTIAL PRESSURE CHANGES DURING RESPIRATION

Partial Pressure (kPa)

GAS INHALED AIR EXHALED AIR

N2(g) 79.3 75.9

O2(g) 21.3 15.5
CO2(g) 0.040 3.7
H2O(g) * 0.67 6.2
* The quantity of water in air varies. The value used in
this table is based on a relatively low humidity.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 Oxygen is the most important gas in the
atmosphere, it makes up 21 % of the
volume of dry air.
 Partial pressure of a gas is more useful
than percentage composition because it
is the pressure of oxygen that determines
how much oxygen is absorbed by the
lungs of the person.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 21 % of the volume and pressure of the
atmosphere is due to OXYGEN. The
partial pressure of oxygen can be
calculated by multiplying the percent in
decimal form by the total pressure.
 POXYGEN = 0.21 X 760 torr = 159.6 torr
 We function best breathing this partial
pressure of oxygen.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 When we live at higher elevations, the
partial pressure of oxygen is lower and
our bodies adjust accordingly.
 On top of the highest mountain, e.g. MT.
EVEREST, the total atmospheric pressure
is 270 torr, so the partial pressure of
oxygen is only 56.7 torr, or about 1/3 of
normal.
 POXYGEN = 0.21 X 270 torr = 56.7 torr
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
5.6
The % of gases in air Partial pressure (STP)
78.08% N2 593.4 mmHg

20.95% O2 159.2 mmHg

0.94% Ar 7.1 mmHg

0.03% CO2 0.2 mmHg

PAIR = PN + PO + PAr + PCO = 760 mmHg

2 2 2

 Total Pressure 760 mm Hg

A.If the atmospheric pressure today is 745 mm
Hg, what is the partial pressure (mm Hg) of
O2 in the air?
1) 35.6 2) 156 3) 760

B. At an atmospheric pressure of 714, what is

the partial pressure (mm Hg) N2 in the air?
1) 557 2) 9.14 3) 0.109
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of
CH4, 0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of
C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37
atm, what is the partial pressure of propane
(C3H8)?
Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

A 5.00 L scuba tank contains 1.05 mole
of O2 and 0.418 mole He at 25°C. What
is the partial pressure of each gas, and
what is the total pressure in the tank?
P = nRT PT = PO + PHe
V 2

PT = 1.47 mol x 0.0821 L-atm x 298 K

5.00 L (K mol)
= 7.19 atm
 In a gaseous mixture at 20oC, the partial
pressures of the components are as
follows: H2= 200mmHg; CO2=150mmHg;
CH4=320mmHg; ethylene=105mmHg.
 What are:
a) Total pressure of the mixture
b) Mass fraction of H2