Agenda

1. Introduction
2. Typical LNG Production Plant
3. How to get LNG
4. Video LNG
5. Conclusion

1. Introduction
LNG Frequently Ask Questions
> What is LNG?

LNG stands for liquefied natural gas. LNG is natural gas, which is cooled and condenses
into a liquid. Natural Gas mostly consist of 85-95% of methane. which may also contain
other hydrocarbons such as ethane, a little propane and butane (natural gas liquids) and
traces of nitrogen.
> Why liquefy natural gas?

LNG that is exposed to temperature and atmospheric pressure will evaporate

and volume increases 600 times its volume when liquid. So true! This was
the one that causes why natural gas is converted into liquid. Just imagine we
have to provide 600 times the place for its vapor form. Its very not efficient.
Natural gas to a liquid reduces its volume by about 600 to 1, which means
one LNG tanker can transport enough LNG to equal 600 tanker ships
carrying natural gas.

1. Introduction
LNG Frequently Ask Questions
> How is natural gas liquefied?

A large refrigeration system is used to liquefy natural gas by cooling it to -165 C.

> Where does LNG come from?
LNG supplies come primarily from locations where large gas discoveries have been
made, such as Algeria, Indonesia, Trinidad, Nigeria, Malaysia, Qatar, Oman and
Australia. Some LNG is produced in Alaska as well. Typically these locations are
remote from areas of high natural gas demand, making LNG the most economically
viable alternative.
> Why is very important to make liquid of Natural Gas? What are the benefits?

The most preferred by the government. A big profit. For non petro industry,
natural gas is the fuel likeable. For petro industry, Natural Gas is the raw material
likable.

C2

C4

2. Typical Production
HYDROCARBON
Plant
FRACTIONATION
CO2 REMOVAL

DEHYDRATION &
MERCURY
REMOVAL

GASOLINE

LIQUEFACTION

CHILLING

OFFSITE LNG
STORAGE
GAS
FEED
FEEDGAS
RECEPTION
SYSTEM

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

RECEIVING
TERMINAL

SHIPS

JETTY

3. How To Get LNG

Source : www.statoil.com

3. How To Get LNG

Reservoir
Drilling a production well into an underground reservoir is like sticking a
pin in a balloon.
Pressure in the reservoir provides the force needed to drive the gas to land.

Source : www.statoil.com

3. How To Get LNG

On the seabed
Output from the three wells in each template is piped to the pipeline end
manifold (PLEM) and gathered into a single wellstream for transport
through the pipeline to land.
Control signals, chemicals and power supplies from land are allocated to the
templates via control distribution unit (CDU).

Source : www.statoil.com

3. How To Get LNG

Pipeline
The flow through the main 143 km pipeline to land combines several phases.
These are natural gas (including natural gas liquids-NGL), condensate
(light oil) and a mix of water and monoethyleneglycol (MEG-used as an
antifreeze).

Source : www.statoil.com

3. How To Get LNG

Slug catcher
The arriving wellstream passes first into the slug catcher, designed to cope with possible
slugs of water which may have formed in the line. This ensures a steady flow into the
process plant.
Initial separation of the natural gas, NGLs, condensate and water/MEG mix also takes place
here.

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3. How To Get LNG

Inlet Facilities
The gas is heated on its way from the slug catcher to the separator in the
receiving terminal to inhibit the formation of hydrate (a kind of
hydrocarbon ice).
Particles and residual condensate are removed in the gas separator, with the
light oil being sent to another separator and the gas continuing for
processing.

Source : www.statoil.com

3. How To Get LNG

Pre Treatment
The gas must be pre-treatment before it can be liquefied. This involves
three stages :
Step 1 : CO2 removal
Step 2 : Dehydration
Step 3 : Mercury removal

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3. How To Get LNG

Fractionation
The heavier gas components NGL must be removed in a fractionation
column to meet the sales specifications for liquefied natural gas (LNG).
After separation, they are further fractionated into products such as propane
and butane - known collectively as liquefied petroleum gases (LPG).

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3. How To Get LNG

Gas Liquefaction
The gas which emerges at the top of the fractionating column is sent for
liquefaction to create LNG. It passes through heat exchanger for precooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling, with a trio of huge compressors
driving the coolant in three separate circuits. This cooling process
reduces the temperature of the gas from 13C to -163C, at which point
it turns liquid. Part of the nitrogen (N2) in the gas is extracted in the
nitrogen removal column in order to meet the LNG sales specifications.

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3. How To Get LNG

Transport
Specialised ships carry the gas to terminals in southern Europe and the USA.
Receiving facilities at these terminals heat the gas up again, so that it can be
used for electricity generation, space heating and cooking.

Source : www.statoil.com

4. From plant to plant The LNG

Process
LNG
Video

5. Conclusion
Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH 4)
that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of storage or
transport.
The volume occupied by liquefied natural gas at atmospheric pressure is
about 600 times smaller than its gaseous state. This reduces the space needed
to freight a given amount of energy.
LNG shares many of the properties of methane, being odourless, colourless,
non-corrosive and non-toxic.
Liquefaction offers a unique solution for transporting natural gas located in
areas far from a pipeline infrastructure.

3. How To Get LNG

LPG
The heavier hydrocarbons separated out
initially pass through a series of
fractionation columns for processing into
liquefied petroleum gases primarily
propane and butanes.
Additional methane (natural gas) is the top
product from the first column, while
ethane is taken off at the top of the next.
Pure propane is the top product of the
third column.
A mix of butanes and propane are taken off
as a side flow from the propane column
and stored in a tank for export. The
bottom product is condensate (light oil),
which goes into the plants condensate
system.
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3. How To Get LNG

Condensate
On its way from the slug catcher, the condensate
is heated to inhibit hydrate formation.
It enters a separator for removal of gas and
water/MEG mix, with the former sent to the
gas process and the latter transferred to the
MEG for recovery and recycling.
The condensate goes to a liquid column, where
possible MEG residues are removed.
To meet product specifications for stable
condensate, lighter hydrocarbons methane,
ethane, propane and butanes must be
separated in the stabilisation column.
These hydrocarbons are compressed and
returned to the gas process for further
treatment, while condensate is stored in a
tank for export.
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3. How To Get LNG

MEG Recovery
Monoethyleneglycol (MEG) is added to the wellstream as an antifreeze to
inhibit the formation of hydrate (hydrocarbon ice).
The liquid separated out in the slug catcher accordingly contains both MEG
and water. It is treated to remove solid particles, salts and most of the water.
After this treatment, the MEG
gets recycled back to the field
through a dedicated pipeline
and returned to the wellstream.
The water is filtered through a
biological treatment system
before being discharged to the
sea.

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3. How To Get LNG

Carbon dioxide
To minimise emissions of this greenhouse gas, it will be stored in a separate
underground formation on the field.
Carbon dioxide is removed in the amine plant, dewatered, sompressed and
liquefied before being piped back to the field in a dedicated line.

Source : www.statoil.com