Wireless & Mobile

Networks
By
Dr. Ali Maqousi
amaqousi@uop.edu.jo
Feb, 2012

Introduction

History:
- In 1831 Joseph Henry, sends an electric current over a
wire to activate an electromagnet, which caused a bell to
ring.
In 1844 Samuel Morse, invented the telegraph.
In 1876 Alexander Graham, laid the foundation of
telephone by making the first voice call over a wire.
Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal, Sent telegraphic signals across the
Atlantic Ocean
In 1957 USSR (now Russia) launched the first artificial earth
satellite (Sputnik).
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Introduction

Wireless-First step:
- In 1947 AT&T Bell Labs researchers realized that by
using small service areas or cells they can reuse the
frequency. So the hexagonal cells for mobile phones
were invented.
However due to the limited number of channels (the
license), which supports only 23 customers at a time,
the implementation was stopped.
Did not support the automatic change of channel
frequency in the middle of a call, when the user moved
from one cell to another (handover) feature (0G).

Introduction

Evolution of wireless Technology:

First Generation (1 G) uses the analog technology. It

uses FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
technology for modulation.
The second generation (2G) technology uses digitized
technology. It uses a combination of TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) and FDMA technologies, e.g. GSM.
In 2G technology voice is digitized over a circuit.
In 1G and 2G networks the case is similar to what happen
in a dial-up network over analog telephones at home.

Introduction

Evolution of wireless Technology: (Cont)

In 2.5G technology, voice is digitized over a circuit,

however, data is packetized. 2.5G uses the same encoding
techniques as 2G does. E.g. of 2.5G is GPRS networks.
3G wireless technology uses spread spectrum techniques
for media access and encoding. In 3G networks both voice
and data use packets. E.g. are UMTS and CDMA2000.
4G technology makes information transfer and internet
capabilities faster and more affordable for cellular phones.
Researchers are still motivated to make advances in 4G.
E.g. Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology.

Wireless Applications

Wireless applications are found anywhere

employees need mobility, including in the
following industries:
Education
Military
Business
Entertainment
Travel
Construction
Warehouse management
Health care
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Advantages of Wireless &

Mobile Networks

No need to install and maintain wires

Reduces cost important in offices, hotels,
Simplifies deployment important in homes,
hotspots,
Supports mobile users:

Move around office, campus, city, -users get

hooked
Remote control devices (TV, garage door, ..)
Cordless phones, cell phones, ..
WiFi, GPRS, WiMax,
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Disadvantages of Wireless
& Mobile Networks

Quality of transmission
Interference and noise
Capacity of the network
Effects of mobility

Wireless & Mobile Networks

Space

Limitations and Difficulties

of Wireless Technologies

Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit

wireless technologies:

1 - Lack of an industry-wide standard.

2 - Device limitations
E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only
displaying a few lines of text
E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use
wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

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Limitations and Difficulties

of Wireless Technologies
(Cont..)
Power consumption

limited computing power, due to limited battery

capacity
Loss of data

higher probability of loss of data, has to be included

in advance into the design.
Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability

integration of character/voice recognition, abstract

symbols
Limited memory

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