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Motion along a straight

line
Standard 9

Person outside the bus

10

The bus moved away from the tree


The person is comparing the position of the bus with respect to the
position of the tree
Reference (or origin) is position of the tree

Person inside the bus

10

The tree moved away from the bus.


The person is comparing the position of the tree with respect to the
position of the bus.
Reference (or origin) is position of the bus.

Motion is relative

Both the observations are correct. The difference is what is taken as


the origin.
Motion is always relative. When one says that a object is moving,
he/she is comparing the position of that object with another object.
Motion is therefore change in position of an object with respect to
another object over time.
Kinematics studies motion without delving into what caused the
motion.

Actual Path (2 km)

Direct Path (1.1 km)

Q. How much distance do you have to travel to reach school?


Q. If you were to draw a straight line between your house and school,
what would be the length of that line?

Actual Path (2 km)

Direct Path (1.1 km)

Q. How much distance do you travel in one round trip to the school?
Q. After one trip how far away are you from your home?

Distance and Displacement


Distance = length of the actual path taken
to go from source to destination
Displacement = length of the straight line
joining the source to the destination or in
other words the length of the shortest path

Checkpoint
Suppose it was given that the person started by point A and walked in
a straight line for 5 km. Can you calculate the end point of his/her
journey?

No, the person could be anywhere


on the circle of 5 km radius.

Unless we know the direction of the


motion we cannot calculate the end
point of the journey.

Sample Problem
Rohit and Seema both start from their house. Rohit walks 2 km to the
east while Seema walk 1 km to the west and then turns back and
walks 1 km.
Distance travelled by them is the same (2 km)
Is their displacement also the same?

No Seema is back home and her displacement is 0 m.


This is because direction of motion is different in both cases.
You require both distance and direction to determine
displacement.

Sample Problem
C

Distance AB = 3 km due East


Distance BC = 4 km due North

What is the distance travelled by a person who


moves from A to C via B?

What is the displacement? What is the direction


of the displacement?

Distance travelled = 7 km, Displacement = 5 km from A towards C.

Rate of Motion
travelled per unit time or the
Distance

displacement per unit time.

When an object is travelling along a straight


line its velocity is equal to its speed.

Sample Problem

r = 100 m

The adjoining figure shows a Formula


1 racing track. A driver is did 10 laps,
what is the distance travelled by the
driver at the end of the race?
What is the displacement?
If the driver took 125.6 seconds to
complete the laps, what is his speed
and velocity in km/hr?

Distance = = 6280 m, Displacement = 0 m


Speed = =

= 180 km/hr

Uniform Motion
25

A distance time graph represents


the distance travelled with respect
to time.

Distance (m)

20

When an object covers equal


distance in every time interval, it
is said to be having uniform
motion.

15

10

In an uniform motion, the speed of


the object remains constant.

10

30
20
Time (s)

Distance Time graph

40

50

A stationary body is also an


example of uniform motion

25

1.25

20

1.0

15

0.75

Speed (m)/s

Distance (m)

Velocity Time graph

10

0.25

0.5

10

30
20
Time (s)

Distance Time graph

40

50

10

30
20
Time (s)

40

50

Speed Time graph

Distance travelled = 20Area


m
of shaded region = 0.5 * 40 = 2

1.25

1.25

1.0

1.0

Velocity (m)/s

Velocity (m)/s

Uniform and Non-Uniform


Motion

0.75

0.5

0.25

0.75

0.5

0.25

10

30
20
Time (s)

Velocity Time graph


Uniform Motion
Acceleration = 0 m/s2

40

50

10

30
20
Time (s)

40

Velocity Time graph


Non-uniform Motion
Acceleration = 0.125 m/s2

50

Rate of Change of Velocity


Rate
of change of velocity
acceleration = meter/second 2

A body is said to be accelerating if there is a


change in velocity.
Velocity has magnitude and direction. A body
has acceleration when either of them
changes.

1.25

1.25

1.0

1.0

Velocity (m)/s

Velocity (m)/s

Uniform and Non-Uniform


Acceleration

0.75

0.5

0.25

0.75

0.5

0.25

10

30
20
Time (s)

40

Velocity Time graph


Uniform Acceleration
Acceleration = 0.125 m/s2

50

10

30
20
Time (s)

40

Velocity Time graph


Non-uniform Acceleration

50

Sample Problem
25

Which object has the


maximum acceleration?

Velocity (m/s)

20

15

Which object has no


acceleration?

How much distance is


covered by object D in 20
seconds?

10

0
0

D
10

30
20
Time (s)

40

50

Explain the motion


represented by D. Given an
example of such a motion in
real life.

1 Equation of Motion
st

Velocity (m)/s

Initial velocity = u
Final velocity = v
Time = t
Acceleration = a
Displacement = s

Acceleration
= Rate of change of
velocity

Time (s)

Velocity Time graph


Uniform Acceleration

nd

Equation of Motion

Velocity (m)/s

Initial velocity = u
Final velocity = v
Time = t
Acceleration = a
Displacement = s
Displacement = Area under the line
But or

Time (s)

Velocity Time graph


Uniform Acceleration

3 Equation of Motion
rd

Velocity (m)/s

Initial velocity = u
Final velocity = v
Time = t
Acceleration = a
Displacement = s
Displacement = Area under the line
But t

Time (s)

Velocity Time graph


Uniform Acceleration

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